Physiology Ii : Test 2 : Cardiac Physiology 1 : Chapter 9

Front 1

What is the importance of the cardiovascular system?

Back 1

1. Deliver O2 and nutrients (AAs, glucose, lipids) to organs and removes CO2 and waste products (and delivers them to kidney, GI tract, and CO2 to lungs)

2. Transport hormones (endocrine section)

3. Regulation of temp. ( cells generate heat, cardio transports heat to skin where it can escape)

4. Transports drugs (all forms and routes into circulation)

5. Regulation of blood pressure.

Front 2

What are the 3 main components of the circulatory system?

Back 2

1. Heart

2. Blood vessels

3. Blood

Front 3

The heart is the ? of the circulatory system.

Back 3

Pump

Front 4

The blood vessels are the ? ? of the circ. system.

Back 4

Connecting tubes

Front 5

List 3 components that make up the blood vessels.

Back 5

1. Arteries, arterioles

2. Veins, venules

3. Capillaries

Front 6

What is blood?

Back 6

Tissue...composed of water, solutes, cells, and formed elements.

It is essentially a transport medium.

Front 7

The veins are like a ? ? for blood.

Back 7

Storage system

Front 8

What are the capillaries?

Back 8

Exchange vesels for nutrient and CO2 between blood and tissues.

Front 9

What are the two major systems in the circulatory system's arrangement?

Back 9

1. Pulmonary circulation

2. Systemic circulation

Front 10

Where is the blood of the pulmonary circulation carried between?

Back 10

Blood carried b/n heart and lungs.

Front 11

What side of the heart is involved in the pulmonary circulation?

Back 11

Right side of the heart.

Front 12

Where is the blood of the systemic circulation between?

Back 12

Blood carried between heart and organ systems.

Front 13

What side of the heart is involved in systemic circulation?

Back 13

Typically starts in the left ventricle.

Front 14

The heart, pulmonary, and systemic circulations are arranged how?

Back 14

They are arranged in series and blood flows through in sequence.

Front 15

How are individual vascular beds arranged? How is the total blood volume divided?

Back 15

They are arranged in parallel. Total blood volume divided among different vascular beds.

Front 16

The blood flows through the heart, pulmonary, and systemic circ.s (which are arranged in series). What is a downside of this?

Back 16

Heart failure. If heart goes the blood can't be pumped into the systemic circ. (decreased O2 to tissues)

Front 17

The systemic components of the body (skin, digestive tract, and muscle) are arranged how?

Back 17

In parallel.

Front 18

The body can dynamically adjust blood flow through ? ? ?.

Back 18

Through the different vascular beds.

Front 19

Describe the general series of blood flow?

Back 19

Pulmonary Circulation >

Left heart >

Systemic circulation (skin, digestive tract, muscle) >

Right heart >

Pulmonary circ...over and over again

(p. 2...slide 2)

Front 20

The arterial system has blood vessels that carry what?

Back 20

Bl. vessels that carry blood from the heart to the capillaries

Front 21

The venous system has blood vessels that carry what?

Back 21

Carry blood back to the heart from the capillaries.

Front 22

Describe the path of blood flow through the following components? (put in order...start with right atrium)

systemic organs (brain, dig. tract, kidneys, muscles)

lungs

left atrium

right atrium

right ventricle

left ventricle

pulmonary artery

pulmonary veins

venae cavae (superior and inferior)

Back 22

Right Atrium >

Right Ventricle >

Pulmonary artery >

lungs >

pulmonary veins >

left atrium >

left ventricle >

other systemic organs (brain, digestive, kidneys, muscles) >

venae cavae (superior and inferior)>

back to right atrium and on and on...

Front 23

What does the pulmonary circulation carry to the lungs?

Back 23

Pulmonary circuation carries DEoxygenated blood (with a high CO2 conc.) thru the lungs for gas exchange.

Front 24

What does the systemic circ. carry to the tissues of the organ systems?

Back 24

Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood to tissues of organ systems.

Front 25

What arterial blood is O2 poor?

Back 25

Pulmonary arteries

(this is the exception, every other artery carries O2 rich blood)

Front 26

What venous blood is O2 rich?

Back 26

Pulmonary veins

(this is the exception, every other vein carries O2 poor blood)

Front 27

What is blood pressure?

Back 27

Force that causes blood flow thru the vessels. Measured in mmHg

Front 28

What is Pressure (P)?

Back 28

Force exerted by pumped blood on a vessel wall.

Front 29

What is Flow (F)?

Back 29

Flow occurs in response to difference in pressure gradient in vessels (P1 - P2).

Front 30

What does Flow require?

Back 30

A pressure gradient (P1 - P2)

Front 31

What is Resistance (R)?

Back 31

Opposes blood flow.

Front 32

What is the eqn for Flow (F)?

Back 32

F = (P1-P2) / R

Front 33

Describe the pressure and resistance of the pulmonary circulation?

Back 33

Low pressure and low resistance in pulmonary circ.

Front 34

Describe the pressure and resistance of the systemic circulation?

Back 34

High pressure and high resistance in the systemic circ.

Front 35

What is pressure created by?

Back 35

Created by heart's pumping action of Left ventricle.

Front 36

What is resistance caused by?

Back 36

RBC friction on vessel walls.

Front 37

What is resistance influenced by? Explain.

Back 37

Diameter.

< diameter = < F = > R

> diameter = > F = < R

(F = flow)

Front 38

Describe the thickness of the right ventricle's muscle compared to the left ventricles?

Back 38

It is thinner. Not as muscular. B/c < P and < R.

Front 39

What is blood flow between organs determined by?

Back 39

1. Arterial pressure (generated by pumping action heart against a systemic vascular resistance)

2. Changes in diameter of blood vessels (via contraction or relaxation) within organ.s

Front 40

In a normal situation what is the brain always receiving?

Back 40

Always receives a constant supply of O2

Front 41

The heart maintains a ? flow of blood.

Why?

Back 41

The heart maintains a UNIdirectional flow of blood b/c series of valves on both sides.

Front 42

The Right atrioventriicular valve (AV) is aka what?

Back 42

Tricuspid

Front 43

The left atrioventricular valve (AV)is aka what?

Back 43

Mitral

Front 44

What is regurgitation?

Back 44

Back flow from dysfunctional valves.

(see slide 1 on p 5 for picture of blood flow through heart)

Front 45

The heart valves consist of 4 what? How are these further divided?

Back 45

4 One-way valves.

2 atrioventricular (ensure blood flows from the atria to the ventricles, and not the other way)


2 Semilunar (prevent blood flowing back from the arteries into the ventricles)

Front 46

The heart's 4 one-way valves ensure what?

Back 46

Ensure that blood flows in the proper direction. This occurs due to a pressure gradient.

Front 47

If the pressure is greater behind a valve what happens to it?

Back 47

It opens

Front 48

If the pressure is greater in front of a valve what happens?

Back 48

It closes, and it does not open in the opposite direction.

Front 49

The heart's valves opening and closing involves ? not ?.

Back 49

Involves pressure not electrical signals.

Front 50

The heart's valves opening and closing is a ? process causing a ?.

Back 50

A mechanical process causing a pressure gradient.

Front 51

What are the chordae tendineae?

Back 51

They anchor onto myocardial tissue to ensure the heart's valves stay in place.

Front 52

What occurs in the following situation:

Atria pressure > Ventricular P

Back 52

Ventricular Filling occurs.

AV valves open and allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles.

Front 53

What occurs in the following situation:

Atria P < Ventricular P

Back 53

Ventricular emptying occurs.

AV valves close and prevent blood from flowing backwards.

Front 54

What are the AV valves aka?

Back 54

Atrioventricular valves.

Front 55

Where are the semilunar valves located?

Back 55

Between the ventricles and arteries.

Front 56

When do the semilunar valves open?

Back 56

They open when the ventricular P > than pressures in the pulmonary arteries and aorta.

Front 57

When do the semilunar valves close?

Back 57

Close when P in the ventricles is < than pressures in aorta and pulmonary arteries.

Front 58

The way that the semilunar valves respond to pressure prevents what?

Back 58

Prevents the blood from flowing backwards.

Front 59

The heart wall is composed primarily of cardiac muscle fibers arranged in what way?

Back 59

Spirally arranged.

Front 60

The heart wall consist of how many layers? Name them.

Back 60

1. Endocardium

2. Myocardium

3. Epicardium

Front 61

Describe the endocardium?

Back 61

Inner layer of epithelium, lines entire circulatory system. It prevents adverse effects of friction on muscle fibers.

Front 62

Describe the myocardium?

Back 62

Middle layer of cardiac muscle; BULK of heart wall. It is filled with myocytes in a spiral formation. This gives the heart its wringing action and makes the heart efficient in pumping blood.

Front 63

Describe the epicardium?

Back 63

External membrane covering the heart; coronary vessels are located in this layer. This is where the coronary circulation is embedded (the heart's own blood supply).

Front 64

What is the heart wall surrounded by?

Back 64

A pericardial sac. This holds the heart in place.

Front 65

Cardiac muscle fibers are interconnected to form what?

Back 65

They are interconnected to form branching fibers.

Front 66

What are intercalated discs?

Back 66

They are specialized structures that join adjacent cells end to end in the cardiac muscle.

Front 67

The cardiac muscle is what kind of specialized muscle type?

Back 67

Striated smooth muscle.

Front 68

What two kinds of membrane junctions are observed within the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle?

Back 68

1. Desmosome (Mechanical adherence)

2. Gap junction (Electrical spread)

Front 69

What is a 'functional syncytia'?

Back 69

A group of interconnected muscle cells that function electrically and mechanically as a unit.

Front 70

When the heart contracts it is in a ? manner because the heart functions as a ?.

Back 70

It is in a synchronous manner b/c the heart functions as a unit/whole.

Front 71

If one cells is stimulated in cardiac muscle what happens? Why?

Back 71

If one cell is stimulated then they will all contract because of the arrangement in the striated cardiac muscle.

Front 72

How is the heart different from skeletal muscles?

Back 72

Because the cells of the heart are stimulated all together always. Skeletal muscle can stim. one or multiple.

Front 73

True or False : The cardiovascular system aids in the transfer of heat energy.

Back 73

True. Blood vasodilates at surface of tissue.

Front 74

True or False : The cardiovasc. system is comprised of pulmonary and systemic circulations that are in parallel to each other?

Back 74

False. They are arranged in series.

Front 75

True or False : The cardiovasc. system transports CO2 from the lungs to tissues within organs.

Back 75

False...O2

Front 76

True or False : The cardiovasc. system transports oxygen from individual cells to the lungs.

Back 76

False...CO2

Front 77

True or False : The right ventricle receives blood from the pulmonary veins.

Back 77

False...from the systemic veins.

Front 78

T or F : The right ventricle generates higher pressure than the left ventricle during contraction.

Back 78

False...The left ventricle generates higher pressure.

Front 79

T or F : The right and left ventricles are in parallel.

Back 79

False...series

Front 80

T or F : Blood flow within organs is determined by arterial pressure gradient and blood vessel diameter.

Back 80

True...(P1 - P2) / r