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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the cardiovascular system do for us?
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Isovolumic contraction: valves? Ejection: valves?
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What are the 3 phases of ventricular filling?
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What are (2) things are occurring during the first heart sound?
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Closing of AV valves
Beginning of Isovolumic Contraction |
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What are (2) things that occur during the second heart sound?
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Closing of Semilunar valves
Beginning of Isovolumic Relaxation |
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What happens to the SL valve when ventricular pressure > aortic pressure?
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Aortic SL valve opens
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What happens to the AV valves when atrial pressure > ventricular pressure
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AV valves open
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What is cardiac output? What is the equation?
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If end-diastolic volume is 140ml and end-systolic volume is 70ml, what is stroke volume?
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70ml
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If end-diastolic volume is 140ml and end-systolic volume is 70ml, what is ejection fraction?
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50%
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What is preload? How does preload affect cardiac myocyte's length-tension curve?
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What is the Frank-Starling Principle?
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The relationship between myocyte length and tension development
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What is contractility? What is positive inotropic effect? What is negative inotropic effect? What are some factors that have an inotropic effect?
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What is occuring during each letter in this diagram?
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When preload is increased, what happens to EDV, ESV, and SV?
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When preload is decreased, what happens to EDV, ESV, SV?
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What is afterload?
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What would happen to EDV, ESV, and SV if afterload was increased?
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What is the importance of preload and afterload? What do they describe?
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How are pacemaker cells different from other cardiac myocytes?
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What is the affect of sympathetic stimulation on autorhythmic cells? How would this affect the drift towards threshold or "pacemaker potential?"
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How would this affect the drift towards threshold or "pacemaker potential" on a graph?
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What is the affect of parasympathetic stimulation on autorhythmic cells? How would this affect the drift towards threshold?
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How would this affect the drift towards threshold on a graph?
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What does PKA do in cardiac muscle?
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Phosphorylates phospholamban increasing activity of calcium ATPase pump in SR of cardiac muscle
The name of the receptor is beta 1 adrenergic |
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What is the effect of NE on cardiac muscle cells? Where is it released from? Which F protein is this receptor coupled with?
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How would phospholamban activation affect subsequent cardiac contractions?
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How does this change action potential duration?
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What immediately precedes ventricular systole? What parts of the cardiac cycle overlap?
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What increases calcium ATPase activity? What inhibits Na transport?
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What is the equation for pulse pressure? What is the equation for mean arterial pressure?
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What is the equation for blood flow? What does the term "blood flow" imply?
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What is poiseulle's Law? What is the equation used for it?
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a physical law that gives the pressure drop in a fluid flowing through a long cylindrical pipe. It can be successfully applied to blood flow in capillaries and veins, to air flow in lung alveoli, for the flow through a drinking straw or through a hypodermic needle
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How does the radius of a vessel impact resistance? What is laminar flow?
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What is the difference between A and B?
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B is displaying Laminar Flow
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What affects the velocity of blood?
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Total cross-sectional area
There is a greater total cross-sectional area in the capillaries and therefore reduced blood flow |
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Which tissue allows for changes in the size of vessels?
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smooth muscle
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Describe what is happening at each number
(Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Smooth Muscle) |
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Describe what is happening at each number
(Smooth Muscle Relaxation) |
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What are (3) ways to cause or maintain smooth muscle contraction?
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What is the krogh hydraulic model of cardiovascular function? What is occurring in pictures I-IV?
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How does a decrease in cardiac output affect systolic blood pressure?
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What are (3) physiological mechanisms that can help regulate pressure?
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What happens to the aortic or carotid baroreceptors when the arterial pressure increases?
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Firing rate increases
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Where are alpha receptors found? What do the regulate? Neurotransmitter?
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Where are beta-1 receptors found? What do they regulate? Neurotransmitter?
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Where are beta-2 receptors found? What do they regulate? Neurotransmitter?
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All reflexively decreased
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An example of how this might happen?
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All reflexively increased
Suddenly standing up after laying down |
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What is the myogenic response? What channels open and where are they? What type of constriction? What increases?
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What would happen when you started to exercise if the baroreflex kicked in as usual? How would you fix this problem?
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What is the role of healthy endothelial cells? What barrier to they provide? What affect do they have on the body?
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What are LDLs? What is their job? What do they do to cells?
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What occurs during the inflammatory process? What happens when endothelial cells become activated? How do monocytes contribute?
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What are foam cells? What happens when they die?
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What is the lipid core?
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What are HDLs? What do they transport? What do they inhibit?
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What is Niacin a treatment for and how does it affect the body?
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What are some causes of hypertension?
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- renal system
- sympathetic nervous activity overdrive - endothelial dysfunction |
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What are some ways to increase pressure in arteries?
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What are some medications for treatment of HTN?
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What do beta blockers do?
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How do we change the renal system to decrease HTN?
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What are the signs/symptoms of ischemia?
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True or False, when precapillary sphincters are relaxed, blood flows through all capillaries in the bed
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True
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What stimulates precapillary sphinter contraction vs relaxation (vasomotion)?
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What are the two forces promoting flow OUT of the capillary (aka filtration)? What are the labels for these forces?
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What are the two forces promoting flow INTO of the capillary (aka absorption)? What are the labels for these forces?
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What is Edema? Which starling force is increased and why? How can this be prevented? Why does this measure work?
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A condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body.
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What causes edema during tissue damage? What is usually too large to move across capillary walls? Which Starling force is increased if proteins leak into the interstitial space?
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What causes agglutination?
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Where are RBCs produced after birth? Which cells do they develop from? What is the name of the circulating hormone that stimulates RBC production?
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What are the two forces promoting flow INTO the capillary (aka absorption)? What are the labels for these forces?
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What is the stimulus for hematopoiesis? What is the scientific name? What are some causes for this condition?
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What is the medical term for a higher than normal RBC count? What are two reasons for this condition? What is the down side?
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What are the two main strategies that white blood cells fight pathogens?
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What are the (3) different classes of white blood cells and their location and functions? What are the specific names of each cell?
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How do the different kinds of white blood cells spend their time?
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How can you compare the concentrations of different cells in the body?
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What is the scientific name for platelets? What cell are they fragments of? Where are they formed?
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What is hemostasis? What are the four steps?
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The stopping of blood flow.
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What is it about pathogens or debris that makes them likely to be phagocytized? (4)
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How does a monocyte change from the plasma to the tissues?
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Where can macrophages be found? (7)
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How do neutrophils in the blood get to the area of local invasion? (5)
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If there is local invasion of a pathogen, what are some of the first things the body does? (4)
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Eosinophils: what percent do they make up of leukocytes? What do they attack? What other areas attract them?
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Basophils: what percent of mast cells do they make up? What do they do (4)? What is their role?
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What are the different ways our body is "innately" immune to pathogens? (4)
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Name the white cells. What does "innate" immunity involve? What does "acquired" immunity involve?
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Do macrophages and lympocytes work together, or separately? How does one help the other? (3)
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Explain acquired immunity
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How is the initial journey of the B and T lymphocytes similar and different? How do they start out? Where does each incubate? Where do they migrate?
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Explain cell-mediated immunity
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Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes,antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Historically, the immune system was separated into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells. CD4 cells or helper T cells provide protection against different pathogens. Cytotoxic T cells cause death by apoptosis without using cytokines, therefore in cell mediated immunity cytokines are not always present.
Cellular immunity protects the body by: activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that are able to induce apoptosis in body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigen on their surface, such as virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells displaying tumor antigens; activating macrophages and natural killer cells, enabling them to destroy pathogens; and stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses. Cell-mediated immunity is directed primarily at microbes that survive in phagocytes and microbes that infect non-phagocytic cells. It is most effective in removing virus-infected cells, but also participates in defending against fungi, protozoans, cancers, and intracellular bacteria. It also plays a major role in transplant rejection. |
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What happens in the thymus? (3)
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Why are they named B lymphocytes? Where are they formed?
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What happens when a specific B lymphocyte is activated by an antigen? (4)
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What happens when specific B lymphocytes are activated by an antigen? (4)
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What is the difference between the primary and secondary response produced by antibodies?
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The first injection of an antigen into an animal induces the transformation of only a small number of small lymphocytes into lymphocytes (plasma cells). Circulating antibodies 0 the antigen appear after a time interval, called the latent period, which varies from I to 30 days (average fifth to the fourteenth day) us when bovine serum albumin is injected into a rabbit, antibodies an be detected in the rabbit's serum after a few days. This type of response in known as the primary response, and occurs when an animal has not previously come into immunological contact with an antigen.
The circulating antibody level increases exponentially to a peak during the next 5 to 6 days and then declines. The antibody produced during the primary response is mainly 19M, although IgG antibodies appear later. A second injection of antigen given during the decline period, or after the antibody from the primary response disappears, brings about a more vigorous response, called the secondary response. More cells participate in this response than the in the primary response. The secondary response is more rapid and produces a greater amount of antibody. Moreover, the antibody concentration remains high for a much longer period. The main antibody produced during the secondary response is IgG. The secondary response is due to the activity of the B-lymphocytes (memory cells) stimulated during the primary response. The increased secondary response indicates the presence of immunological memory. |
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How do antibodies help to inactivate invading antigens directly? (4)
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How do T lymphocytes recognize antigens? (3)
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What fraction of T lymphocytes are made up of helper T cells? What do they produce and secrete and what effect is produced?
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What are the aims of the respiratory system (2)?
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What binds the lungs to the chest wall?
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Functions of Killer T cells (6)
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What is the difference in the actions of B and T lympocytes? What is the name of the chemicals released by helper T cells, and what cells do they help?
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In general, how might autoimmune disease occur?
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What is rheumatic fever?
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What is myasthenia gravis?
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What is lupus?
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What is type I diabetes?
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What is active immunization?
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What is passive immunization?
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What are allergies? What "reacts?"
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Fill in the labels
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What is recoil in the lungs caused by? What is the role of surfactant?
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What is the order of events (and relative changes in pressure of volume) for inspiration?
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What is the order of events (and relative changes in pressure of volume) for expiration?
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How might the resistance in the airways be increased? What could be changed in an attempt to maintain flow when resistance is increased?
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What impact would increased thoracic pressure from muscle effort have on small airways? What happens to residual lung volume?
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What is the difference between a restrictive and obstructive lung pathology?
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