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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is androstendione?
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A performance enhancing steroid prohormone
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The performance enhancing steroid prohormone is
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androstendione
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adrenal cortex secretes
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steroid hormones
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steroid hormones are secreted from
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the adrenal cortex
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adrenal medulla secretes
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catecholamines
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catecholamines are secreted from the
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adrenal medulla
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zona glomerulosa secretes
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aldosterone
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the region that secretes aldosterone is
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zona glomerulosa
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zona fasciculata secretes
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glucocorticoids
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the capsule region that secretes glucocorticoids is
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zona fasciculata
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The region of zona reticularis secretes
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sex hormones
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The region that secretes sex hormones is the
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zona reticularis
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The adrenal cortex secretes these three steroid hormones
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aldosterone, glucocorticoids, sex hormones
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aldosterone, glucocorticoids, sex hormones are secreted from
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The adrenal cortex
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The three steroid hormones are
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aldosterone, glucocorticoids, sex hormones
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The steroid hormones are synthesized from _________
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cholesterol
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Androstendione is one intermediate to _____________ and ______________
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testosterone and estrogen
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Testosterone and estrogen are intermediate by
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Androstendione
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Dehydroepiandosterone often shortened as (DHEA) is used as
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a dietary supplement
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what happens when most molecules are structurally similar?
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crossover effect
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A crossover effect occurs when ..
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molecules are structurally similar
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mineralcorticoid receptor's (MR's) for aldosterone are found in the __________ , and can also bind ________
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nephron
cortisol |
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Renal tubules have enzyme that converts cor8sol to low activity form, so cortisol doesn’t influence ______
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Na+ and K+ secretion
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when is cortisol released
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upon stress
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what is released upon stress
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cortisol
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what is the secretion of cortisol controlled by?
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corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
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where is CRH made?
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in the hypothalamus
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CRH leads to ______
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ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone, or corticotrophin)
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ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone, or corticotrophin) is made by ______
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pituitary
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what does cortisol stimulate ________
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gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis
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cortisol causes positive/negative ___________ balance
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negative
calcium |
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Cortisol causes mild supression of _________
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immune system
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cortisol's effect on the liver is _________
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gluconeogenesis
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cortisol's effect on the muscles is _____
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protein catabolism
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cortisol's effect on adipose tissue is ________
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lipolysis
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their is a circadian rise and fall with the concentrations of ______
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CRH
ACTH and cortisol |
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cortisol _______ to all ________ of the body
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binds
nucleated cells |
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What does cortisol turn on?
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DNA transcription
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what turns on DNA transcription?
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cortisol
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how long do the effects of cortisol last?
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60-90 minutes
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the effects of what hormone usually last 60-90 minutes
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cortisol
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cortisol has ______________ on ACTH and CRH
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negative feedback
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what has negative feedback on ACTH and CRH?
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cortisol
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cortisol has negative feedback on __________ and _________
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ACTH
CRH |
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What is necessary for the secretion of cortisol?
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adrenal glands
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adrenal glands create ______
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cortisol
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cortisol is essential for _______
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life
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what is one hormone essential for life
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cortisol
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if you remove an animal's _________ it will die upon stress
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adrenal gland
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cortisol has a protective effect against
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hypoglycemia
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what hormone helps protect against hypoglycemia?
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cortisol
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cortisol has _________ effects
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immunosuppresant
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what makes cortisol useful to be used as a drug?
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its immunosuppresant effects
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what are some things that are helped from the cortisol drug
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Bee strings, poison ivy, pollen allergies, helps prevent rejection of transplanted organs
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if you have an allergic reaction, what should you take?
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cortisol
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What drug can you take to help the prevention of rejection of transplant organs
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cortisol
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what was developed that limited the use of cortisol
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NSAID's
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hypercortisolism is caused by an _________ and results in _______, but when it is caused by __________ it results in ________
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adrenal tumor
excess cortisol release pituitary tumor excess ACTH release |
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what causes excess cortisol or ACTH release?
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hypercortisolism
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what is caused by an adrenal or pituitary tumor?
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hypercortisolism
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cushing syndrome results in an excess of ________ and _________ and mimics ________
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gluconeogenesis
hyperglycemia diabetes |
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cushing syndrome wastes _______ and __________ _________
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muscle
adipose tissue |
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cushing's syndrome deposits ___________ in the areas of the __________ and ___________ (since the depositing of this in these areas is independently controlled)
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fat
face trunk |
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what disease can also be called hypocortisolism
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Addison's disease
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addison's disease is another name for ________
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hypocortisolism
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Addison's disease results in (or is the ) _________
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autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex
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hypocortisolism results in increased production of _____________
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melanin
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_____________ secrete a calcium regulating hormone called calcitonin
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C-cells
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C-cells secrete a calcium regulating hormone called __________
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calcitonin
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calcitonin is under the umbrella of which hormone group?
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thyroid hormones
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what secretes thyroid hormones?
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follicular cells
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what do follicular cells secrete?
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thyroid hormones
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what are thyroid hormones essential for?
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normal growth and development in children
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what hormone is essential for normal growth and development in children
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thyroid hormones
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where are the thyroid hormones derived from?
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the Amino Acid tyrosine
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What amino acid (AA) is the thyroid hormone derived from?
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tyrosine
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what element does the [AA] tyrosine contain?
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Iodine
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what is the only known use of iodine in the human body?
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the creation of tyrosine
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what element's only known use in the human body is the creation of the [AA] tyrosine
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Iodine
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the _______ of thyroid hormones takes place in the follicles
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synthesis
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the synthesis of thyroid hormones takes place in the ___________ of the thyroid gland
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follicles
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follicles have ________ in the middle
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colloid
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________ have colloid in the middle
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follicles
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What is colloid?
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a sticky glycoprotein
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what is a sticky glycoprotein called?
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colloid
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colloid holds 2-3 months supply of _______
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thyroid hormone
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colloid holds ____________ supply of thyroid hormone
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2-3 months
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__________ holds 2-3 months supply of thyroid hormone
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colloid
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what has a long half life?
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T4
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T4 has a long __________
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half life
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T4 is converted into ______ at the _____________
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T3
tissues |
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) controls secretion of _________________
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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_______________ controls secretion of Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) controls the ______________ and signals it to ________
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thyroid gland
grow |
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_____________ controls the thyroid gland and ______________
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
signals it to grow |
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Thermogenic means to _________
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produce heat
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what are the two functions of the thyroid hormone in adults?
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- Provide substrates for
oxidative metabolism -Thermogenic |
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The functions of the thyroid hormone in adults/children are to provide substrates for oxidative metabolism, and thermogenic
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Adult
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The functions of the __________ in adults are to provide substrates for oxidative metabolism, and thermogenic
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thyroid hormone
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what are the function(s) of the thyroid hormone in children?
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that it is necessary for full expression of the growth hormone (particularly growth of the nervous system)
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The functions of the thyroid hormone in adults/children are that it is necessary for full expression of the growth hormone (particularly growth of the nervous system)
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children
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The functions of the __________ in children, are: that it is necessary for full expression of the growth hormone (particularly growth of the nervous system)
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thyroid hormone
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Regarding the growth of the nervous system, myelin requires _________
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T3 and T4
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Regarding the growth of the nervous system, _______ requires T3 and T4
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myelin
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What is usually the cause of hypothyroidism?
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iodine deficiency
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hypothyroidism results in:
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decreased thyroid hormone secretion
decreased protein synthesis slowed reflexes, speech and thought |
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decreased thyroid hormone secretion
decreased protein synthesis slowed reflexes, speech and thought, are usually the result of |
hypothyroidism
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decreased thyroid hormone secretion slows down __________ and _______________, and causes
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metabolic rate
oxygen oxygen consumption cold intolerance and weight gain |
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Decrease in protein synthesis causes:
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brittle nails
thinning hair thin/dry skin myxedema |
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brittle nails, thinning hair, thin/dry skin and myxedema are all possible side effects of ________
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decrease in protein synthesis
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Accumulation of ___________ under the skin, which attract ________ and can cause puffy ________ , creating bags under the eyes
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mucopolysaccharides
water myxedema |
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Myxedema usually occurs in _________ individuals and often causes____________
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hypothyroidism
bags under the eyes |
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Along the same lines with slowed reflexes, speech, and thought, in infancy hypothyroidism can lead to ______
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cretinism
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cretinism can be caused by ____________ in _________
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hypothyroidism
infants |
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what is cretinism?
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decreased mental capacity
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decreased mental capacity in infants when it is caused by improper ___________ or lack of ____________, is called ________
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myelination
T3 or T4 cretinism |
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next slide # 12
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