Physiology Final Exam 6-10

Front 1

what cells myelinate the CNS and PNS

Back 1

oligo in the centrer
schwann in the peripheral

Front 2

what are the three classes of neurons

Back 2

afferent
efferent
inter

Front 3

these hvae a sensory receptor with ltos of branching and a cell boey and long peripheral process of the axon are in the PNS and only a short central process axon enters the CNS

Back 3

afferent neuron

Front 4

this type of neuron transits information to effector cells. its cell body dendrites anda small esegment of the axon are the in the CNS with most of the axon in the pNS

Back 4

efferent neurons

Front 5

this type of neuron functions in integration and lies entirely within the CNS

Back 5

interneurons

Front 6

this neuron type is 99 percent of all neurons

Back 6

interneurons

Front 7

definition. the specialized junction between two neurons where the electrical activity of the presynaptic neuron influences the excitability of the postsynaptic neuron

Back 7

synapse

Front 8

account for 90% of the cells in the CNS

Back 8

glial cells

Front 9

what are collaterals

Back 9

axon side guys that may innervagte several tissues

Front 10

what are the four types of glial cells in the CNS

Back 10

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

Front 11

these cells myelinate the CNS

Back 11

oligos

Front 12

these cell are specialized macrophage like cells that perform immune functions in the CNS

Back 12

microglia

Front 13

these cells line the fluid filled cavities between the brian and sinal cord and regulate the prouction and flow of CSF

Back 13

ependymal cells

Front 14

these cells are for biochemical support of the BBB metabolic support for neurons and other cells and regulate ions and neurotrans and scarring following injury

Back 14

astrocyte

Front 15

what glial cell is in charge of scarring in teh CNS

Back 15

astrocyte

Front 16

what glial cell is in charge of metabolic support for neurons and surroudning cells

Back 16

astrocytes

Front 17

electrical potential =

Back 17

electrical difference

Front 18

what is resting membrane potential

Back 18

-70

Front 19

the membrane potential at which the flux due to the concentration gradient is equal to the flux due to the electrical gradient

Back 19

equil potential

Front 20

what is equil potential based on

Back 20

conc gradient
electrical gradient

Front 21

which ion is the main factor in membrane potential

Back 21

K concentration

Front 22

which ion is close to the rest membrane potential

Back 22

potassium

Front 23

why isn't resting membrane potential equal to potassium

Back 23

leak potassium channels and some Na movement

Front 24

whqta sets up the conc gradient

Back 24

atp pum Na/K

Front 25

in the pump which way do the ions k and na go

Back 25

k in na out

Front 26

review: in the pump what happens

Back 26

na goes out and k goes in to set up the gradient

Front 27

important for signaling over short distances

Back 27

graded potentials

Front 28

important for long distance signaling along nerve and muscle membranes

Back 28

action potentials

Front 29

what are three kinds of graded potentials

Back 29

synaptic
receptor
pacemaker

Front 30

can the magnitude of graded potentials vary

Back 30

yes

Front 31

which type is decremental

Back 31

graded

Front 32

definition. the ability to generate action potentials

Back 32

EXCITABILITY

Front 33

action potentials are dependent on what kind of channels

Back 33

voltage gated ion channels

Front 34

which channels are slow and which are fast

Back 34

na fast k slow (leaky)

Front 35

which is positive and whihc is negative feedback

Back 35

na positive
potassium negative

Front 36

what is the difference between absolute and relative refractory periods

Back 36

relative can have another action potential but only if stronger due to hyperpolarization

Front 37

what is the best case scenario for fastest travel

Back 37

myelinated big diameter

Front 38

which can be depolarization or hyperpolarization

Back 38

graded

Front 39

which is depolarization ONLY

Back 39

action

Front 40

which potential is initiaed be environmental stimulus or spontaneously

Back 40

graded

Front 41

what kind of channels does graded rely on

Back 41

ligand gated

Front 42

definition specialized junction between two neurons

Back 42

synapse

Front 43

what are the two types of synapses

Back 43

electrical and chemical

Front 44

what are the most common type of synapses

Back 44

chemical

Front 45

what is the main ion for depoliarizatio in a neuron

Back 45

calcium

Front 46

what are two ways that the postsynaptic cell may be activated

Back 46

IONOTropic
metabotropic

Front 47

are EPSP and IPSP graded

Back 47

yes

Front 48

EPSP is a graded ____

Back 48

depolarization

Front 49

is IPSP re de hyper

Back 49

hyper

Front 50

what are two ways to reach threshold

Back 50

summation spatial and temporal

Front 51

spatial or temporal. which must be the same stimulus

Back 51

temporal

Front 52

where is the highest density of voltage gated sodium channels

Back 52

initial segment

Front 53

what is the major different between neurotrans and neuromod

Back 53

neuro mod is slow and depends on G proteins

Front 54

what is long termp potentiaion

Back 54

how glutamate ruprtures ampa and nmda receptors

Front 55

when glutamate containing nuerons rupture they rlease a flodo of glutamate that overstimulates ampa and nmda receptors which is called

Back 55

excitotoxicty

Front 56

definiton activated by neurotrans and other chemcial messengers released by nearby neurons glia or the axon terminal itself

Back 56

autoreceptors

Front 57

what are the six classes of neurotrans

Back 57

BANAM
biogenic amines
ach
neuropeptides
aa
misc

Front 58

what are the biogenic amines

Back 58

catechol
seratonin
histamine

Front 59

what are the catechols of the biogenic amines

Back 59

DA NE EPI

Front 60

what are the aas

Back 60

excite glutamate
inhibit glycine GABA

Front 61

what are the catechols derived from

Back 61

tyrosine

Front 62

what is serotonin derived from

Back 62

tryptophan

Front 63

what are the receptors for NE and EPI

Back 63

ADRENERGIC

Front 64

what are the receptors for ach

Back 64

nicotinic and muscarinic

Front 65

what enzyme regulates the synaptic levels of ach

Back 65

acetylcholinesterase

Front 66

what are the most prevalent neurotrans in the CNS

Back 66

AMINO ACIDs aka glutamate and GABA

Front 67

what are the receptors for glutamate

Back 67

ampa nmda

Front 68

group of nerons in the PNS

Back 68

ganglia

Front 69

group of neurons in the CNS

Back 69

nuclei

Front 70

group of many axons

Back 70

nerve

Front 71

group of axons traveling together and links the R and L hemispheres of the CNS

Back 71

commuissure

Front 72

a tract; goup of axons taveling together in the CNS

Back 72

pathway

Front 73

what are the subdivisions of the brain

Back 73

DCBC
dienceph
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

Front 74

forms tghe major output with axons reachign other parts of the cortex and CNS

Back 74

pyramidal cells