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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Partial pressure concept
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need to know gas's fractional concentration and Pb
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Dalton's law
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each gas in mix exers it's own partial pressure as if others weren't present. Partial press of indiv gases in a mix are additive
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Comp of air
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alveolar air: less o2 than room or expired because o2 unloaded during gas exchange. exhaled has more o2 bc dead space.
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partial pressure gradient
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high to low.
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pressure >1atm
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hyperbaric oxygenation, forces o2 into tissues
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external respiration
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air from outside, coming into lungs, exchnaging gas at alveoli with blood o2 into rbc
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factors affecting external expiration
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partial pressure of gases, struc of resp membr, ventilation/perfusion matching
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internal resiration
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conversion oxygenated->deoxygenated
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diffusion o2
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inward: at rest 25% available o2 enters cells. during exercise more o2 absorbed
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diffusion of co2 outward
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o2 out of rbc into cell, co2 out of cell and onto rbc
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major factors affecting rate of diffusion of gases
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partial pressure of gases in air, large surface area of alveoli, thin membrane, molec weight and solubility of gas
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gas transport concepts
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transport o2/co2, move about role of hemoglobin, oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve, chemoreceptor control of resp
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transport of o2 in blood
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1. dissolved in plasma-1.5
2. bound to hemoglobin-98.5 |
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Hbo2 inside rbc
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oxyhemoglobin
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major roles of hemoglobin
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o2 transport, co2 transport, reg bf/bp
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modes of transport co2 in the blood
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1. dissolved in plasma-9
2. bound to hemoglobin-13 3. bicarbonate-78 |
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amount of bco2 depends on
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percent saturation of hb with o2
lower % hbo2 saturation, higher capacity for forming hbco2 |
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oxygen saturation of hb molec
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sat level can vary, 1 site bound-25, , normal oxygen saturation of arterial blood>95
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level of saturation controlled
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po2- more po2 more saturation
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measurement of oxygen saturation
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arterial blood gas(invasive)
pulse oximeter |
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oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
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small cahnge in tissue level causes large change in % saturation
takes great loss of po2 to drastically affect %saturation |
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factors that can change the hbo2 dissociation curve
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po2(most imp), other factors affect affinity for which hb binds o2
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4 factors
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ph, pco2, temp, 2,3-dpg
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ateriovenous oxygen difference (a-VO2)
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arterial: wahts going in tissue
venous: what going out tissue a-VO2 whats left |
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fick equation
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links cv o resp systems to describe tissue metabolism
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carbon monoxide posioning
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co binds hb heme group more successfully than o2
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cortical nephron
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short loop of henle doesn't go into medulla
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juxtamedullary nephron
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long loops of henle, go into medulla
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renal blood supply
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20-25% resting cardiac output. 2 arterioles, 2 capillary bed
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vasa reta
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specialized pertubular capillaries
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glomerular
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unique because between 2 arterioles, not arteriole and venule
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function of kidneys
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reg blood ionic comp, reg blood pH, reg blood vol and BP, maintain blood osmolarity, hormone production, reg blood glucose, excretion of wastes in urine
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filtration
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1st step in urine formation, movement water and solutes from blood plasma across the wall of the glomerular capillaries and into glomerular capsule into renal tubule
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GFR increases
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substances pass too quickly through renal tubules and aren't reabsorbed.
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GFR decreases
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all filtrate reabsorbed and certain waste products aren't excreted.
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clearance=
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Ux * V/Px
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factors regulate GFR
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renal autoregulation, neural regulation, hormonal regualtion
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renal autoregualtion
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myogenic, tubuloglomerular
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myogenic
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increased bloodflow stretch afferent arteriole
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tubuloglomerular
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increase blood flow, increase GFR, fluid flows too rapidly through renal tubule not reabsorbed. Vasoconstrict relased from juxtaglomerular appparatus, afferent arterioles constric, decrease GFR
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Hormonal regulation of GFR-ANP
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ANP: (increases GFR) increase blood volume cause atria to stretch and ANP is released- relax glom cells- increase capillary surface- increase GFR
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Hormonal regulation of GFR-Angiotensin II
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decrease GFR, vasoconstriction narrows afferent/efferent decrease in GFR
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reabsorption
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movement of substances from renal tubule to blood stream
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secretion
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removal of substances from blood to renal tubule-dumping waste, drug residues, excess ions
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proximal tubule
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reabsorption- largest amount water and solutes most reabs na and gluc, also AA, K, Cl, bicarbonate
Secretion-H ions and durg residue |
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loop of henle: descending
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reabsorbs: water
secretes:NaCl |
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loop of henle: ascending
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water impermeable
reabsorbs: NaCl |
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Distal Tubule and collecting duct
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secretion: k and h
reabsorption: NaCl and water dependent on ADH and aldosterone |
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osmolarity
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solutes that don't cross freely-exert force (osmotic pressure) causes water movement across cells.
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colloid osmotic pressure
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osmolarity of plasma proteins.
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steady state
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intake=output
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renal failure
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output<intake= positive balance
excessive increase in body fluid and salt |
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endocrine defect
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output>intake=negative balance
causing excessive salt/water loss in urine or water excretion |