Physiology Endocrine Adrenal Gland

Front 1

Certain hormones made by the adrenal gland coordinate the body’s response to various kinds of ________ in order to ....

Back 1

- stress,

-protect the body during deviations from the optimal baseline.

Front 2

Some adrenal hormones dampen the action of _________ thereby preventing ......

Back 2

- the immune system

- an excessive immune response, which might do more harm than good.

Front 3

The adrenal gland is located ?

Back 3

on top of the kidney

Front 4

3 tissues of the Cortex from the outer most layer to the inner most layer

Back 4

- Zona Glomerulosa (top)

- Zona Fasciculata (middle)

- Zona Reticularis (bottom)

Front 5

tissue Layer under the cortex

Back 5

Medulla

Front 6

Hormones of the Zona Glomerulosa

Back 6

- Mineralocorticoid
(Aldosterone)

Front 7

Hormones of the Zona Fasciculata

Back 7

- Glucocorticoid
(Cortisol)

Front 8

Hormones of the Zona Reticularis

Back 8

- Androgen (Weak)
- Dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA)
- Androstenedione

Front 9

Hormones of the Medulla

Back 9

Epinephrine

Front 10

Cholesterol is a precursor
for

Back 10

steroid synthesis

Front 11

Conversion of cholesterol to dehydrocholesterol in
the skin is required for

Back 11

- Vitamin D synthesis.

Front 12

Sources of Cholesterol

Back 12

- Cholesterol can be derived from the diet; it is transported to cells in
association with lipoproteins, e.g., LDL

-Cholesterol can be
synthesized from acetate.

-Cholesterol is stored in the cell as Cholesterol ester,

i.e., cholesterol + fatty acid (ACAT, synthesizes the cholesterol ester)


-Cholesterol is the substrate
for steroid synthesis.

The cholesterol ester must be hydrolyzed by cholesterol esterase (CE).

Front 13

Cholesterol can be derived from ...?

Back 13

the diet; it is transported to cells in
association with lipoproteins, e.g., LDL

Front 14

Cholesterol can be synthesized from ?

Back 14

acetate.

Front 15

Cholesterol is stored in the cell as?

Back 15

Cholesterol ester,

i.e., cholesterol + fatty acid (ACAT, synthesizes the cholesterol ester)

Front 16

Cholesterol is the substrate
for?

Back 16

steroid synthesis.

The cholesterol ester must be hydrolyzed by cholesterol esterase (CE).

Front 17

The cholesterol ester must be hydrolyzed by ?

Back 17

cholesterol esterase (CE).

Front 18

What is LDL?

Back 18

Low density Lipoprotein

Front 19

What is CE?

Back 19

cholesterol esterase

Front 20

What is ACAT?

Back 20

acyl-cholesterol acyl transferase

Front 21

What is ACTH? Adrenocorticotropin hormone

Back 21

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

Front 22

ACTH stimulates cortisol synthesis by ?

Back 22

inducing cholesterol esterase (CE) to hydrolyze the cholesterol ester.

Front 23

After ACTH stimulates cortisol synthesis
to hydrolyze the cholesterol ester, Cholesterol moves to the ??

Back 23

mitochondria to enter the pathway for steroid synthesis

Front 24

Increased Cortisol Synthesis Increases ?

Back 24

Blood Cortisol

Front 25

Cholesterol is converted to
pregnenolone by ?

Back 25

20,22-desmolase..

Front 26

After Cholesterol is converted to
pregnenolone by 20,22-desmolase, Cortisol is not stored in the cell but is ?

Back 26

- transported out of the cell into the circulation where it binds Transcortin

Front 27

Cortisol is not stored in the cell but transported out of the cell into the
circulation where it binds ?

Back 27

Transcortin

Front 28

Cholesterol is converted to
pregnenolone by 20,22-desmolase.
Pregnenolone can be converted
into ?

Back 28

aldosterone or androgens.

Front 29

Key Mitochondrial Enzymes for Cortisol Synthesis:

Back 29

- 20,22-Desmolase, required for steroid synthesis

- 17a-Hydroxylase, required for cortisol synthesis

Front 30

7 steps of the Control of Glucocorticoid Synthesis

Back 30

1. Stimulatory and inhibitory
input from the environment,
diet and other endocrine systems.

2. CRH (hypothalamic/PVN) stimulates ACTH secretion from pituitary corticotroph cells

3. ACTH stimulates glucocorticoid (GC) synthesis in the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex.

4. Cortisol (GC) is not stored in cells. A change in blood cortisol requires a change in hormone synthesis.

5.Cortisol have systemic effects on multiple body systems.

6. Feedback regulation by glucocorticoids (GC):
a. at the PVN to inhibit CRH secretion

b. at the corticotroph to inhibit secretion of ACTH.

7. Less ACTH stimulation of the adrenal cortex leads to less glucocorticoid synthesis & secretion.

Front 31

What is Addison's disease?

Back 31

- Adrenal gland Disease
- Hypofunction, too little cortisol
- Autoimmune disease
- Fatal if not corrected

Front 32

What is Cushing’s Disease?

Back 32

- Adrenal gland Disease

- Hyperfunction, too much
glucocorticoid

-Elevated ACTH
-pituitary or ectopic tumor

Front 33

What are Cushing’s like symptoms?

Back 33

- Prednisone (a glucocorticoid agonist) therapy; an immune suppressant and anti-inflammatory drug

Front 34

Chromaffin Cells are innervated by?

Back 34

- cholinergic preganglionic
fibers of the sympathetic
nervous system.

Front 35

Chromaffin Cells are located?

Back 35

In the adrenal medulla

Front 36

What is the rate limiting enzyme of Catacholamine Synthesis?

Back 36

- Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Front 37

In Feedback Regulation of Epinephrine Synthesis, too Much NE inhibits?

Back 37

Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity

Front 38

In regulation of Epinephrine Secretion, Depolarization
stimulates?

Back 38

Ca+2 influx and exocytosis

Front 39

What are the 8 Factors Stimulating Epinephrine Secretion?

Back 39

-Fight or Flight
-Exercise
-Hypoglycemia
-Hypothermia
-Hypovolemia
-Trama
Pain
Anxiety