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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Immune System Components (2)

-Leukocytes
+White blood cells
+Wide range of immune responses
-Lymphoid tissues
+Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils
+Development and function of leukocytes
Leukocytes (2)
-Granulocytes
+Neutrophils
+Eosinophils
+Basophils
-Agranulocytes
+Monocytes
+Lymphocytes
Neutrophils (6)
-60–80% of leukocytes in blood
-Phagocyte
-Secretes cytokines
-Circulate in blood 7–10 hours
-Migrate to tissues for a few days
-Increase in number during infections
Eosinophils (4)
-1.5% of leukocytes
-Phagocytes (but not main mechanism of action)
-Defend against parasitic invaders (e.g., worms)
-Granules contain toxic molecules that attack parasites
Basophils (4)
-<1% of leukocytes
-Non-phagocytic
-May defend against large parasites by releasing toxic substances
-Contribute to allergic reactions
+Histamine
+Heparin
Monocytes (3)
-5% of leukocytes
-Phagocytes
-New monocytes circulate in blood few hours
+Migrate to tissues -> macrophages
+Wandering macrophages
+Fixed macrophages
Lymphocytes (3)
-30% of leukocytes
-99% of interstitial fluid cells
-3 types
+B lymphocytes (B cells)
+T lymphocytes (T cells)
+Null cells
B Cells (4)
-B cells associated with antibodies
-B cell contacts antigen -> plasma cell
-Plasma cell secretes antibodies (immunoglobulins)
-Antibodies mark invaders for destruction
T Cells (3)
-Directly damage foreign cells
-T cells contact infected, mutant or transplanted cells
-Develop into cytotoxic T cells that destroy target cell
+Takes several days
+Secretory products form pores in target cell membrane
+Lysis
Null Cells (4)
-Most are natural killer cells
-Important against viral infections
-Attack virus-infected cells
+Cause lysis
-Fast acting
+Early immune response
Central Lymphoid Tissue (2)
Bone marrow + thymus = central lymphoid tissue
-Bone marrow
+Hematopoietic stem cells: precursor for all blood cells
+Leukocytes except T lymphocytes fully develop
-Thymus
+T lymphocytes migrate from bone marrow to thymus
+Develop maturity in thymus
Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue (2)
-Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and Peyer’s patches
-Collections of B cells, T cells, and macrophages
Organization of the Body’s Defenses (2)
-Nonspecific defenses
+Physical barriers
+Inflammation
+Interferons
+Natural killer cells
+Complement system
-Specific defenses: immune responses
Nonspecific Defenses: Physical Barriers (3)
-Skin
-Sebum and other secretions
-Mucous membranes
+Produce a viscous mucus
+Mucus and entrapped pathogens are transported away
Nonspecific Defenses: Internal Defenses (4)
-Inflammation
-Interferons
-Natural killer cells
-Complement system
Interferons (2)
Proteins secreted by leukocytes and virus-infected cells
-Induce virus-resistance in neighboring cells
-Viral infection
+RNA invades host cell using its replication machinery to reproduce
Natural Killer Cells (3)
-Recognize abnormal or infected cells
+Cause lysis of pathogen by secreting perforins
-Can attack virus-infected cells without identifying virus
+Early defense against viral infections
-Part of specific immune response
Complement System (2)
Plasma proteins that lyse foreign cells, especially bacteria
-Part of response to antibodies (specific immunity) in addition to non-specific response
~30 proteins participate in cascade resulting in piercing bacterial membrane causing lysis
Specific Defenses: Immune Responses
Specific immune responses triggered by foreign matter reaching lymphoid tissue
Types of Specific Immune Responses (2)
-Humoral immunity
+B cell mediated
+Involves secretion of antibodies by plasma cells
+Defend against bacteria, toxins, and viruses in body fluids
-Cell-mediated immunity
+T cell mediated
+Involves lysis of cells by cytotoxic T cells
+Defend against bacteria, viruses in body cells
+Part of reaction to transplants and cancer cell
Diversity (2)
-Specificity means that an individual B or T cell can recognize only a few of many antigens, determined genetically
-Diversity in B and T cell antigen receptor types allows immune system to recognize millions of antigens
Proliferation of Particular Lymphocytes (2)
-Antigen interacts with specific lymphocyte
-Induces those lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate
+Activation of lymphocytes = clonal selection
Proliferation of Particular Lymphocytes (2)

-Two types of clones
+Effector cells
=Combat antigen that stimulated production
=Short-lived
+Memory cells
=Long-lived
=Antigen specific

Memory (2)
-Primary immune response
+First exposure
-Secondary immune response
+Subsequent exposures
Primary Immune Response (4)
-First exposure to antigen
-Takes 10–17 days to occur after exposure
-Symptoms of illness occurs during these days
-Antigen-selected B and T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cells
+Plasma cells
+Cytotoxic T cells
Secondary Immune Response (4)
-Subsequent exposures to antigen
-Takes 2–7 days to occur
-Greater magnitude response and more prolonged
-Occurs due to presence of memory cells
Self-Tolerance (3)
-B and T cells do not attack normal cells of body
-As cells develop in bone marrow and thymus, any that have antigen receptors against normal body cells are destroyed by apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-Autoimmune diseases caused by failure of self-tolerance
Helper T Cell
B cells can proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells (but not memory cells) in absence of T cells - helper T cell-dependent
Cell-Mediated Immunity (3)
-Roles of T lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity
-Helper T cell activation
-Cytotoxic T cell activation
Cell-Mediated Immunity
T cells defend against foreign or abnormal matter through direct contact
Types of T Lymphocytes (2)
-Helper T cells
+Secrete cytokines that enhance activity of B cells and other T cells
+Enhance activity of macrophages and NK cells
-Cytotoxic T cells
+Kill virus-infected cells, abnormal cells (tumor), and bacteria
Immunization (2)
-Vaccine = introduction of microorganism or its antigens in form not expected to cause disease
-Induces immune response including production of memory cells
Immunity (2)
-Active immunity
+Immune response to vaccine or pathogen in individual gives immunity
-Passive immunity
+Ready-made antibodies administered
+No memory cells, so no long-term immunity
Immunity (2)
-Passive immunity from mother to fetus or baby
+IgG passes placenta
+IgA passed in breast milk
Blood Group Compatibility
-Blood types: A, B, AB, O
+Due to antigens on surface of RBCs
+Type A -> A antigens, anti-B antibodies
+Type B -> B antigens, anti-A antibodies
+Type AB -> A and B antigens, no A or B antibodies
+Type O -> no antigens, anti-A and anti B antibodies
Universal donor = O
Universal recipient = AB
Immune Dysfunctions (4)
-Allergy
-Autoimmune diseases
-Immunodeficiency diseases
-The role of stress in the immune response