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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
increase of sodium causes what in the kidneys
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increase of sodium excretion
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what is erthropoietin
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stimulates production of red blood cells by hematopoietic stem cells
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short term arterial pressure regulation by secretiong what that leads to formation of vasoactive angiotensin II
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renin
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what is needed for calcium deposition in bone and reabsorption by GI tract
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calcitrol, or vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 made by kidneys
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medulla is divided into 8-10 what?
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renal pyramids
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what is erthropoietin
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stimulates production of red blood cells by hematopoietic stem cells
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what do the renal pyramids terminate at
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the papilla
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kidneys synthesize what from amino acids during fasting
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glucose in gluconeogenesis
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medulla is divided into 8-10 what?
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renal pyramids
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what colelcts urine from tubules of each paipilla
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minor calyces
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what do the renal pyramids terminate at
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the papilla
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what does the papilla project into
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renal pelvis
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what does the papilla project into
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renal pelvis
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what is the outer border of the renal pelvis divided into?
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major calyces
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blood flow to the two kidneys is how much percent of cardiac output
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22%
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what does the renal artery form
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the interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries as well as afferent arterioles, which lead to the glomerular capillaries
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where does the efferent arteriole lead to
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to a secondary capillary network, the peritubular capillaries, that surrounds the renal tubules
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what happens to fluid in both capillaries
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filtration in the glomerular capillaries at 6- mm Hg and reabsorption in the peritubular capillaries at 13 mm Hg
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where do the peritubular capillaries empty into?
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the venous system of interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, and renal vein
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you have a million nephrons at age 40. how many will you have at age 50
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900,000
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What is the glomerulus encased in?
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Bowman's capsule
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where does the proximal tubule lie?
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the cortex
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where is the macula densa located?
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at the end of the thick ascending limb
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What is after the macula densa
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the distal tubule, the connecting tubule, the cortical collecting tubule, which lead to the cortical collecting duct
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nephrons with glomeruli deep in the cortex are called what
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juxtamedullary nephrons
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nephrons that have glomeruli in the outer cortex
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cortical nephrons. short loops of henle
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process of micturition
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bladder fills until tension rises above a threshold, this elicitis the micturition reflex that empties the bladder. this is an autonomic spinal cord reflex
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two parts of the bladder
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body where urine collects and the neck
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nephrons with glomeruli deep in the cortex are called what
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juxtamedullary nephrons
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lower part of the bladder neck
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posterior urethra
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what do juxtamedullary have?
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vasa recta
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What is the smooth muscle of the blader called?
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the detrusor muscle
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what occurs at the trigone?
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bladder neck opens into posterior urethra and the two ureteres enter the bladder
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what is the muscle called in the posterior urethra
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internal sphincter
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two parts of the bladder
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body where urine collects and the neck
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what is in the urogenital diaphragm
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the external sphincter
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what occurs at the trigone?
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bladder neck opens into posterior urethra and the two ureteres enter the bladder
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what is in the urogenital diaphragm
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the external sphincter
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what is the muscle called in the posterior urethra
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internal sphincter
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principal nerve of the bladder
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pelvic nerves from sacral plexus. sensory detects stretch and motor is parasympathetic to the detrusor
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what nerves to the external bladder sphincter
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the pudendal nerves with sympathetic from the hypogastric nerves
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effect of parasympathetic and sympathetic
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peristaltic contractions are enhanced by parasympathetic stimulation and inhibited by sympathetic stimulation
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function of detrusor muscles
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to prevent backflow
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what is it called when bladder is propelled backward into the ureter
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vesicoureteral reflux
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what is the ureterorenal reflex
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when a sympathetic reflex caused by pain sends signal to kidney to constrict the renal arterioles to decrease urine output
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micturition contractions are a result of what?
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a stretch reflex started by sensory stretch receptors in the bladder wall
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micturition reflex is what?
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self-regenerative because initial contraction activates stretch receptors to cause greater increase in sensory impulses
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what can inhibit the micturition reflex?
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inhibitory centers in the pons and centers in the cerebral cortex
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what center prevents micturition
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the higher centers
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when does a person lose bladder control
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if they lose sensory they cant transmit stretch signals
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when the bladder fills to capacity and overflows a few drops at a time
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overflow incontinence
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what does syphilis do
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damage to dorsal root nerve fibers that enter the spinal cord called tabes dorsalis and resulting bladder condition is called tabetic bladder
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