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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hypertrophy
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Size increases (not #)
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Hyperplasia
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Increase in number
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Hypoplasia
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Decrease #
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Metaplasia
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once cell type is replaced by another (columnar for squamous)
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Dysplasia
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Deranged cell growth - can vary in size/shape/organization
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Na/K pump
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K in
Na out |
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What will you find in blood if someone has hepatitis?
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transaminase
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What will you find in blood if pt has pancreatitis?
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elevated amylase/lipase
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what do you know if AST is a lot greater than ALT
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alcoholic
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LDL
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circulating lipids
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what causes peroxidation?
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oxygen-derived free radical
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3 mechanisms of cell injury
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1. damage to dna/proteins/lipid membrane/LDL via peroxidation
2.mytochondrial dysfunction 3. increase in membrane perm (esp. Ca) |
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effects of Ca
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It's a second messenger that can activate protease, ATPase, phospholipase, endonuclease
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4 ways to protect against free radicals
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1, Antioxidant: vitamins A,E,C
2. Superoxide dismutase 3. Glutathione peroxide (turns H2O2 and OH into water 4. catalase (turns H2O2 into O2 and water |
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what does cellular swelling indicate?
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Na/K pump impaired
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pyknosis
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degeneration and condensation of nucleus (shrunken and dark) start of death
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karyorrhexis
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nuclear fragmentation
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karyolysis
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dissolution of nucleus
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coagulative necrosis
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most common
esp in heart/liver/adrenal gland/spleen/kidney due to coagulation/denaturing of proteins in cytoplasm usually wedge-shaped usually with ischemia & infarction |
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liquefaction necrosis
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cellular destruction by hydrolytic enzymes and WBCs
occurs from abscess w/lots of inflammatory cellsrelease proteolytic enzymes that destroy surrounding tissues occurs w/ infection (staph) |
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caseous necrosis
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cheese-like
combo of coagulation and liquifaction ch. of granulomatous inflammation can be sign of healing-it is new tissue mixed with necrotic found if surgical wound separates |
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granulomatous
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pink tissue around a healing wound
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fat necrosis
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caused by lipase on fatty tissue
in breast/pancreas/omentum TG released when fat cells die saponification |
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saponification
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lipase breaks down lipid to (-) fatty acid which attracts (+) Ca
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Fibroid necrosis
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fibrin deposits in walls of small/medium blood vessels
causes: malignant hypertension & polyarteritis nodosa when vascular wall is destroyed-fibrin gets layed down |
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polyarteritis nodosa
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vasculitis of medium-sized arteries, which become swollen and damaged from attack by rogue immune cells
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gangrenous necrosis
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mass of tissue undergoes necrosis
caused by thrombosis OR lack of bloodflow |
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bcl-2
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gene that inhibits apoptosis
youth gene during apoptosis bcl-2 is turned off |
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p53
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suppressor gene
arests cell cycle to repair DNA and abort apoptosis OR promotes apoptosis if DNA damage is great by activating Bax gene |
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Bax
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gene that stimulates apoptosis
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c-myc
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+p53 = apoptosis
+bcl-2= inhibits apoptosis |
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caspase
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mediates apoptosis
kills proteolytic enzyme |