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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
aldosterone
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a steroid hormone released from the adrenal cortex that regulates the REABSORPTION of Na and SECRETION of K
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angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
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enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that regulates water REABSORPTION by the kidneys, also called vasopressin
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atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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hormone secreted from the atrium that regulates plasma Na levels
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Bowman's capsule
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in each nephron, a cup shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus and conducts filtrate into the renal tubule at the inflow end of the renal tubules, site where filtrate enters renal tubules
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calcitonin
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peptide hormone released from C cells of the thyroid gland that regulates plasma calcium levels
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calcitriol
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steroid hormone derived from vitamin D that regulates plasma calcium levels
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clearance
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virtual measure of the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed or cleared by the kidneys per unit time
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collecting ducts
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ducts that collect fluid from several different renal tubules and carry it to the renal pelvis for eventual elimination
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cortex
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outer portion of an organ such as cerebral cortex, adrenal cortex, and renal cortex
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detrusor muscle
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smooth muscle fibers of the bladder
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distal convoluted tubule
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portion of nephron furthest from renal corpuscle
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excretion
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elimination from the body through the kidneys (urine) or GI tract (feces)
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external urethral sphincter
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ring of skeletal muscle that regulates the excretion of urine
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filtered load
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quantity of a certain solute that is filtered at the glomerulus per unit time; equals the product of the GFR and the plasma concentration of the solute
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glomerular filtration
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bulk flow of protein-free plasma form the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule
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glomerular filtration pressure
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sum of the Starling forces acting to move fluid across the capillary walls of the glomerulus
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glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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the volume of the plasma filtered per unit time from all renal glomeruli combined
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glomerulus
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in each nephron, a ball-like cluster of capillaries in the renal corpuscle; site of filtration
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granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
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specialized cells in the wall of the afferent and efferent arterioles that secrete renin; also called juxtaglomerular cells
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internal urethral sphincter
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ring of smooth muscle that regulates the excretion of urine
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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a collection of specialized cells in the distal tubules and the afferent and efferent arterioles near where the three structures come together in the kidney; regulates glomerular filtration and renin secretion
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loop of henle
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the portion of the renal tubule that forms a hairpin loop that dips into the medulla, including the descending limb, the thin ascending limb, and the thick ascending limb
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macula densa
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specialized cluster of epithelial cells found in the distal convuluted in the region adjacent to the afferent and efferent arterioles
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medulla
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internal compartment of certain organs such as adrenal medulla and renal medulla
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metabolic acidosis
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decrease in the blood pH in response to changes other than CO2 levels
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metabolic alkalosis
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increase in blood pH in response to changes other than CO2 levels
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micturition
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elimination of urine from the body
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myogenic regulation
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means of autoregulating glomerular filtration rate by the inherent ability of smooth muscle of the afferent arterioles to contract when stretched
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nephrons
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functional units of the kidney that filter the blood and form urine, each consists of a renal corpuscle (a Bowman's capsule and a glomerulus) and a renal tubule
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obligatory water loss
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minimum volume of water that must be excreted in urine to eliminate solutes
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osmoreceptor
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receptors that detect the osmolarity of various body fluids
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parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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peptide hormone released from the parathyroid glands that regulates plasma Ca levels
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peritubular capillaries
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capillary bed that branches off the efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons and is located close to renal tubules; functions in exchange with renal tubules during reabsorption and secretion
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proximal tubule
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portion of the renal tubule nearest the renal corpuscle; includes promimal convoluted tubule and proximal straight tubule
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reabsorption
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transport of a substance into the blood
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renal arteries
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arteries that branch off the aorta and provide the kidneys with their blood supply
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renal corpuscle
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site of glomerular filtration; consists of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
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renal pelvis
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funnel-shaped passage forming the initial portion of the ureter
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renal threshold
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the plasma concentration of solute at which the transport max is exceeded and excess solute appears in the urine
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renal tubule
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a portion of a nephron, consisting of a long, coiled tube
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renal veins
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transport of blood from the kidneys back into general circulation
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renin
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enzyme released by kidney; converts angiotensinogen I to angiotensinogen II
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secretion
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movement of substance from the internal environment to the external environment by transport across an epithelium; mvmt of a substance from inside a cell to outside the cell by mvmt across the plasma membrane
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transport maximum (Tm)
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rate of transport by carrier proteins when carriers are 100% saturated
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tubuloglomerular feedback
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autoregulatory mechanism in which a change in glomerular filtration rate is regulated by paracrines secreted from macula densa, located downstream from the glomerulus
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urinary system
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organ system that consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra
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urine
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a fluid produced by the kidneys and eliminated from the body
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vasa recta
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capillary bed that branches off the efferent arteriole of a juxtamedullary nephron and surrounds the loop of henle; functions in maintaining medullary osmotic gradient
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