Physiology 45 Pancreas And Liver

Front 1

What do the duct cells of pancreas secrete?

Back 1

these secrete aqueous HCO3 rich solution

Front 2

Where are B cells, A Cells, and D cells all found?

Back 2

these are found in the islets of langerhans

Front 3

What do B cells secrete?

Back 3

insulin

Front 4

what do A cells secrete?

Back 4

glucagon

Front 5

what do D Cells secrete?

Back 5

somatostatin

Front 6

How does the SNS affect the pancreas?

Back 6

this inhibits pancreatic secretion (postganglionic via celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses)

Front 7

how does the PNS affect the pancreas?

Back 7

this stimulates secretion (via vagus)

Front 8

Where are pancreatic enzymes stored?

Back 8

in zymogen granules of acinar cells

Front 9

What are the 3 types of pancreatic enzymes secreted by Acinar cells?

Back 9

Pancreatic proteases

Pancreatic alpha-amylase

Pancreatic Lipase

Front 10

What two things activate Typsinogen? where do they come from? (ignoring autocatalysis)

Back 10

enteropeptidase and enterokinase from
duodenal mucosal cells

Front 11

what does trypsin activate?

Back 11

chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase

Front 12

What is the major source of lipase?

Back 12

the pancreas

Front 13

what is steatorrhea?

Back 13

this is fatty stool, typically caused by Cystic Fibrosis

(or can be from a lack of lipase activity)

Front 14

Why does acidic chyme in the duodenum need to be neutralized quickly?

Back 14

this prevents pancreatic enyzme from functioning properly, also can damage duodenal wall

Front 15

what is the largest part of pancreatic secretion?

Back 15

NaHCO3 (to neutralize acid, 1-2L a day)

Front 16

At basal rates of pancreas secretion, what are the 3 components of the aqueous alkaline secretion?

Back 16

Na and Cl and H20

Front 17

at stimulated rates of pancreas secretion, what are the 3 components of the aqueous alkaline secretion?

Back 17

Na and HCO3 and H20

Front 18

What does secretin release in response to? what secretes it? what does this do?

Back 18

this is secreted by S cells of duodenum in response to H+ in the duodenum

this induces the production of HCO3 rich aqueous secretion from the extralobular ducts (ductal cells)

Front 19

What system primary controls pancreatic exocrine secretion?

Back 19

mainly hormonal

Front 20

what phase of digestion does most of the pancreatic secretion take place during?

Back 20

the intestinal phase

Front 21

Where are I Cells and S Cells found?

Back 21

in the duodenal mucosa

Front 22

What kinds of things stimulate I Cells? what do I Cells release in response?

Back 22

AA's (phen, Met, tyrp)
small peptides, fatty acids

this releases CCK in response

Front 23

What does CCK do to Acinar cells (after being released from I cells)

Back 23

this causes increased Ca2+, and a release of enzymes

Front 24

What does Secretin do to Ductal cells?

Back 24

this increases cAMP, this leads to an increase in aqueous secretion

Front 25

What causes chronic pancreatitis?

Back 25

booze

Front 26

what are the effects of chronic pancreatitis?

Back 26

fat malabsorption and diabetes

Front 27

What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer?

Back 27

weight loss, abdominal pain, jaundice, fatigue, clay-colored stools, back pain

Front 28

what 3 things increase the risk of pancreatic cancer?

Back 28

older than 50

smoking, high caloric intake

Front 29

What is the tonicty of pancreatic secretion?

Back 29

isotonic

Front 30

In a liver lobule, where does blood flow?

Back 30

this flows from portal vein or heapatic artery, and flows TO the central vein

Front 31

where are the bile duct located? what drains into them?

Back 31

these are located on the periphery of the liver lobule. Bile caaliculi drain bile out to them

Front 32

What two cell types are used to create bile salts?

Back 32

Bile from Bile Duct Cells

and Organic constituents from Hepatocyte activity

Front 33

What are bile salts derived from?

Back 33

cholesterol

Front 34

what is the circulation of bile salts between SI and Liver called?

Back 34

enterohepatic circulation

Front 35

What do Bile salts do?

Back 35

these emulsify fats, used for lipid absorption

Front 36

Where does most absorption of bile salts take place?

Back 36

in the ileum

Front 37

what are the 4 major organic constituents of bile?

Back 37

bile salts
cholesterol
lectihin
bilirubin

Front 38

What does the liver do with bilirubin?

Back 38

this actively removes it and secretes it into bile

Front 39

what is the major source of bilirubin?

Back 39

worn out RBCs being broken down, the heme part is what gives off bilirubin

Front 40

how does obstruction of the bile duct affect fecal color?

Back 40

this lowers the levels of bilrubin in it, and thus makes it lighter

Front 41

What is a choleretic?

Back 41

this is any substance that increases bile secretion by the liver

Front 42

What are the 3 major choleretic signals?

Back 42

Bile salts reentering the the liver

secretin

vagus nerve (minor)

Front 43

when does jaundice occur?

Back 43

when bilirubin production exceeds excretion

Front 44

what causes pre-prehepatic jaundice?

Back 44

more RBC's broken down than the liver can remove, too much bilirubin

Front 45

what causes hepatic jaundice

Back 45

diseased liver cannot deal with normal levels of bilirubin

Front 46

what causes post hepatic jaundice?

Back 46

this is caused by an obstructed bile duct, so bilirubin is not excreted

Front 47

whats the treatment for jaundice?

Back 47

photo therapy

Front 48

How many vessel types are on the outer edge of the liver lobule?

Back 48

heptaic artery, portal vein, bile duct