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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physiology
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the science of body function; the study of the phenomena of living things
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Cells
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smallest living units; independently capable of carrying out its own basic life processes; specialized to perform different functions important to the operation of the body as a whole; depend on each other for survival.
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Erythrocytes
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manufactured by bone marrow; carry oxygen in bloodstream
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Bone marrow
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a tissue found in certain bones
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Erythropoietin
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hormone that regulates the # of erythrocytes in blood; secreted by kidneys
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4 major cell types
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neurons, muscle cells, epithelial cells, and connective tissue cells
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Neurons
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specialized to transmit info. in the form of electrical signals; receive and transmit signals to other cells. Some send signals to muscles, glands, and other organs, enabling the control of movement, hormone secretion, and other body functions.
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Muscle fibers
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are generally elongated in shape and are specialized to contract, there by generating mechanical force and movement. Under voluntary control (skeletal muscle), under involuntary control (cardiac muscle), and blood vessels (smooth muscle).
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Epithelial Cells
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– continuous, sheetlike layer of cells in combination with a thin underlying layer of noncellular material called basement membrane. Some are specialized to transport specific materials, such as inorganic ions, organic molecules, or water, from on e location to another.
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Basement membrane –
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may be one cell thick or several cells thick, and may vary in shape. Could be short and flat, or tall and oblong. All joined closely together to form a barrier that prevent material on one side of the epithelium from mixing with other side.
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Lumen
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epithelial cells are found here; lining of hollow fluid organs such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels where they separate fluids in the interior cavity from the surrounding body fluids
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Glands
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made from epithelial cells; organs specialized in the synthesis and secretion of a product. Two types: endocrine and exocrine glands.
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Endocrine glands
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secrete hormones; ex. Pit. Gld. and adrenal gland.
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Exocrine glands
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secrete a product into a duct leading to the ext. environment. Ex. Sweat glands and Salivary glands.
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Hormones
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chemicals that communicate a message to cells of the body, into the bloodstream.
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Connective tissue cells
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most diverse; includes blood cells, bone cells, fat cells, and many other kinds of cells; primary function is to provide physiological support for others structures, to anchor them in place, or to link together. Ex. Tendons, ligaments, and bones.
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Tendons
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anchor muscles to bones
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Ligament
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connects bones together
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Extracellular matrix
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makes up conn tissue; dense meshwork of proteins and other large molecules. Made up elastin and collagen
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Elastin
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make up extracellular matrix; long fibrous proteins; gives the tissue elasticity
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Collagen
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which gives the tissue tensile strength, ability to resist stretching
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Connective tissue
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in a more broad sense encompasses fluids such as the blood and lymph, which do not provide structural support, connect the various part of the body providing communication.
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Blood
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delivers O2 from lungs to the rest of the body’s tissues and carries hormones from glands that secrete them to the tissues that respond to them.
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Lymph
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carries H20 and other materials that leak out of blood vessels throughout the body and returns them to the blood.
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Tissue
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a collection of cells performing similar functions
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Organs
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are two or more tissue combined to make up structures that perform particular functions
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Organ systems
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collection of organs that work together to perform certain functions.
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Endocrine system (Organs)
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Hypothalamus, Pit. Gld., Adrenal gld., Thyroid gld., Parathyroid gld., Thymus, and Pancreas.
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Endocrine system (Function)
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Provide communication btwn. cells of the body through the release of hormones into the bloodstream.
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Nervous system (organs)
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Brain, Spinal cord, Peripheral nerves
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Nervous system (function)
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Provide communication btwn. cells of the body throught electrical signals and the release of neurotransmitters into small gaps btwn. certain cells.
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Musculoskeletal system (organs)
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Skeletal muscle, bones, tendons, ligaments
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Cardiovascular system (organs)
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Heart, blood vessels, and blood
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Respiratory system (organs)
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Lungs, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi
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Urinary system(organs)
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Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
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Gastrointestinal system (organs)
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Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, Large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
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Reproduction system (organs)
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Gonads, Reproductive tracts and glands
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Immune system (organs)
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WBC, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids
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Integumentary system (organs)
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Skin
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Musculoskeletal system (F)
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Support the body
allow voluntary movement of the body allow facial expressions |
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Cardiovascular system (F)
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Transport molecules throughout body into bloodstream
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Respiratory system (F)
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Bring oxygen into the body and eliminate carbon dioxide from the body
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Urinary system (F)
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Filter the blood to regulate acidity, blood volume, and ion concentrations
eliminates wastes |
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Gastrointestinal system (F)
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Break down food and absorb it into the body
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Reproduction system (F)
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Generate offspring
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Immune system (F)
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Defend the body against pathogens and abnormal cells
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Integumentary system (F)
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Protect the body from the external environment
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