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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
unilateral neglect |
failure to notice things located to the left; caused by damage to right hemisphere parietal lobe; lack of attention, unconscious |
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rubber hand illusion |
LH and rubber hand stroked at same time, patient feels it (more activity in parietal lobe + premotor cortex) |
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functionalism |
risen by Darwin's theory; characteristics of living organisms perform useful functions |
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adaptive trait examples |
moths with owl spots, arctic lynx blends with snow, chameleon changes colour |
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neoteny |
slow maturation; important for brain development |
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sensory neuron |
neuron that detects changes in external or internal environment and sends info about the changes to CNS |
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motor neuron |
neuron in CNS that controls contractions of muscles or secretions of glands |
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interneuron |
fully in CNS; form local relay circuits between one region to another |
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central nervous system |
brain and spinal cord; encased by bone |
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peripheral nervous system |
outside brain and spinal cord; includes nerves |
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soma |
cell body of neuron; contains nucleus |
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dendrite |
tree-like; attaches to soma; receives info from terminal buttons of other neurons |
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synapse |
junction between terminal button of an axon and membrane of another neuron |
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axon |
covered by myelin sheath; carries info from soma to terminal buttons (message = action potential) |
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multipolar neuron |
neuron with one axon, but many dendrites |
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bipolar neuron |
one axon and one dendrite; primarily sensory |
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unipolar neuron |
one axon, divided at end; one to receive sensory info and one to send info to CNS; primarily somatosensory |
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terminal buttons |
bulbs at end of axon; action potential travels down axon and when it reaches TB, TB secretes neurotransmitter |
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neurotransmitter |
chemical released by TB when action potential travels down axon; has excitatory or inhibitory effect on receiving cell |
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microtubule |
thickest strand type of cytoskeleton; hollow core; involved in transporting substances within the cell |
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axoplasm |
cytoplasm of axon |
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axoplasmic transport |
substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon; rapid way to move things that can only be produced in the soma |
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anterograde AT |
from soma to terminal button; uses ATP energy and travels on kinesin protein; very fast |
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retrograde AT |
from terminal button to soma; travels on dyesin protein; half as fast as anterograde |
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glia |
3 main types; astro, oligodendro, micro; supporting cells that hold neurons in place |
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astrocyte |
glia -> star cell; physical support + phagocytosis + nourishment |
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oligodendrocyte |
glia -> produce myelin sheaths to insulate axons and avoid message scramble |
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microglia |
glia -> phagocytes + protection from invading microorganisms |
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schwann cells |
the oligodendrocytes of the PNS; wrap up around axon and aid in insulation + as guides for regrowth |
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blood-brain barrier |
selectively permeable barrier; prevents interference of chemicals in neuron information transmission |
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area postrema |
thin region of medulla where poisons can be detected + induce vomiting; e.g., alcohol |
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explain role of inhibition on withdrawal reflex |
hot casserole in hands sends sensory pain info to brain; increases activity of excitatory synapses on motor neurons, causing hand to move away -> brain recognizes that you cannot drop the dish; neural axon message sent from brain to spinal cord where its terminal buttons form synapses with inhibitory interneuron; releases neurotransmitter which decreases activity of motor neuron , blocking withdrawal reflex |
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measuring electrical potentials of axons |
seawater, giant squid axon, electrode in water, microelectrode inserted into axon, positive charge sent to negatively charged axon, measure with oscilloscope |
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membrane potential |
electrical charge across a cell membrane; difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell |
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resting potential |
membrane potential of neuron when it is not being excited or inhibited; -70mV in giant squid axon |
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depolarization |
towards 0 reduction of membrane potential from resting potential |
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hyperpolarization |
increase in membrane potential (away from 0) from resting potential |
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action potential |
rapid reversal of membrane potential; brief electrical impulse |
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measure action potential |
positive charged microelectrode; stimulate axon increasing in strength each time; 4 = threshold of excitation; hyperpolarize before returning to resting potential |
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sodium-potassium transporter |
protein in cell membrane that pushes 3 Na+ out while pulling in 2 K+ |
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all or none law |
action potential occurs or it doesn't; once triggered, remains constant |
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rate law |
axon's rate of firing controls intensity of action potential |
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saltatory conduction |
conduction of action potential by myelinated axons; jumps from one node of Ranvier to another; less energy and faster speeds |
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post-synaptic potential |
depolarization or hyperpolarization of membrane potential that increase or decrease rate of firing; produced by neurotransmitters |
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ligand |
chemical that attaches to binding site; e.g., neurotransmitters |
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binding site |
location on receptor protein where ligand binds |
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presynaptic membrane |
membrane of terminal button |
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postsynaptic membrane |
membrane on receiving neuron |
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synaptic cleft |
gap between pre and postsynaptic membranes; neurotransmitter diffuses through extracellular fluid |
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ionotropic receptor |
receptors that cause ion channels to open when ligand binds to binding site; direct method of hyper/depolarization |
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metabotropic receptor |
opening ion channels indirectly; ligand binds and activates g-protein, which stimulates production of 2nd messenger which travels and attaches to ion channel; lasts longer than ionotropic but requires more energy |
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EPSP |
depolarization of neuron membrane potential; caused by Na+ channels opening |
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IPSP |
hyperpolarization of membrane potential; caused by efflux of K+ or influx of Cl- |
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reuptake |
rapid removal of neurotransmitter from cleft by terminal button |
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enzymatic deactivation |
destruction of neurotransmitter by enzyme; e.g., destruction of Ach by AchE |
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choroid plexus |
creates CSF; brain floats in it |
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encephalization quotient |
larger ratio of brain to body = larger encephalization quotient |
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brain development and evolution |
brains more developed to leave water; harder to survive on land |
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innate behaviour |
behaviour that is built in; e.g., crossbill's beak opening pinecones -> disadvantage = no more pinecones, crossbill starves |
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learned behaviour |
behaviour that is taught; not built in; e.g., roof rats learning to open pinecones from their mother -> advantage = no more pinecones, rats can find other food |
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cost vs. benefit to evolution |
price to pay for every advantage; e.g., humans have large brains, therefore large skulls = hard to birth, mortality |
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competition |
limited resources; more offspring born in each generation than can survive |
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variation |
non-identical offspring; ensured by mutation |
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adaptation |
individuals whose characteristics are more fitted to environment will survive to reproduce |
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homology |
structures that have the same genetic/developmental origins, even if different functions |
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analogy |
structures that have the same function, even if not homologous; e.g., bird/insect wings |
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natural selection |
survival of the fittest; operates on phenotypic level, passed on is genotype |
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patellar tendon reflex |
drop book in closed eyes, arms bounce back; good for walking |
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reticular activating system |
controls how much you process |
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hypothalamus |
hormones + instinct; fight, feed, flee, fuuck; limbic system |
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fixed-action patterns |
species-typical instinctual behaviour; triggered by releasers |
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basal ganglia |
habits and rules; procedural behaviours |
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cortical homunculus |
2 vs. 1 pencil poke |