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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The ventricular system is composed of what ventricles?
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Lateral Ventricles,
3rd Ventricles, cerebral Aqueduct, 4th Ventricle, Central Canal of Spinal Cord |
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The Cerebral aqueduct is bounded by the _ and the _
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Tectum and Tegmentum
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The Cerebral Aqueduct connects the _ and _
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3rd and 4th ventricles
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What is CSF
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Cerebrospinal fluid: clear colorless fluid, contains glucose and specialized proteins. Important for supporting the brain.
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HOW is CSF produced
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specialized tissue called choroid plexus
CSF is constantly being replaced as old fluid is absorbed/ drained into circulatory system and new fluid made |
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Define Hydroencephalopathy
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(1 in 500 births)
Occurs early in life lateral & 3rd Ventricles As pressure of CSF increases, the skull is pushed apart and head becomes very large TREATMENT: insertion of a tube into the lateral ventricle so that it drains out into rest of the body |
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AREA Postrema
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Only part of the brain lacking the blood brain barrier
Induces vomiting |
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Fornix
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Fiber bundle containing hippocampal efferents.
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Thalamus
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Relay station for sensory input
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Pineal Body *
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endocrine gland important in seasonal cycles of animals.
Has photoreceptors - helps monitor day length. In humans - secretes melatonin used in circadian rhythms. |
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Superior colliculi
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Involved in Visual Reflexes
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Inferior Colluculi
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Involved in Auditory reflexes
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Substructures:
FOREBRAIN |
Telencephalon = cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia
Diencephalon = thalamus and hypothalamus |
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SUBSTRUCTURES:
MIDBRAIN |
tectum and tegmentum
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SUBSTRUCTURES:
HINDBRAIN |
cerebellum and pons/medulla oblongata
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Basal Ganglia
LOCATED |
: telencephalon.
rests beneath anterior horns of lateral ventricle. |
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Major parts of Basal Ganglia
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Striatum: Caudate Nucleus and putamen.
Pallidum: Globus Pallidus Subthalamic nuclei (substantia nigra is NOT part of the basal ganglia, but is a relevant structure. |
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Basal Ganglia
WHAT IS IT? what does it do? |
a collection of nuclei that are involved in the control of movement
_ and cerebellum form information loops from cortex – and back to cortex via thalamus |
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Parkinson's Disease
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Caused by degeneration of certain neurons (primarily dopaminergic) that send their axons to the caudate and putamen
Symptoms appear when approximately 80% of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra are destroyed Results in inhibition of movement and includes symptoms such as tremor at rest, rigidity, and difficulty in voluntary movements Too much inhibition on the thalamus |
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Huntington’s Chorea
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Hereditary, progressive, lethal disease
Symptoms usually do not appear until well into adulthood Profound loss of neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus Characterized by jerking, uncontrollable movement of limbs, trunk, and face; twitches, tremors, loss of voluntary movements, emotional outbursts, and disorder of personality Too little inhibition on the thalamus **Chorea is the Greek word for dance |
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Central Structures of
LIMBIC SYSTEM |
Hippocampal Formation/ hippocampus:
Involved in learning and memory Amygdala: Specifically involved in emotions (feelings and expressions of emotions, emotional memories, and recognition of signs of emotions in other people) |
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Cerebral deduncles is composed of what two structures
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Dorsal part: is the tegmentum (reticular formation of mingled fibers and gray masses which extends caudally into the cerebellum)
Ventral part: is the basis pedunculi (composed of longitudinal fiber tracys connecting the forebrain with lower parts. |
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the tectum is comprised of what?
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Superior Colliculi: involved in visual reflexes
Inferior Colliculi: involved in auditory reflexes |
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components of
BASIL GANGLIA |
striatum: caudate nucleus and putamen
pallidum: Globus pallidus Subthalamic nuclei SUbstantia nigra is NOT apart of it.. but is it relavant |
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What does the Cerebellum control?
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planning and coordination of movement
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What are the 3 layers of the cerebellum
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Molecular Layer (axons and dendrites)
Purkinje Layer (Granule cells) axon goes to molecular layer and bifurcate-parallel fiber.. parallel fibers synapseon dendritic trees of purkinje cells. |
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Types of cells found in the Cerebellum.
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PURKINJE CELLS: Cells with HUge dendritic trees
1. excited by parallel fibers 2. Transmit inhibitory messages to cells in nuceli of cerebellum. Granule Cells: Cells whos axons become parallel fibers |
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how to test for cerebellar impairment.
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finger to nose test.
1. rapid movement of finger to just in front of nose. cerebellular cortex 2.Pause - deep cerebellular nuclei 3. Slower movement to touch nose- cerebellum independant. Damage in 1st 2 steps, depending on where damage is. can be caused by drinking |
