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321 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What acts as a trigger for initiation of Micturition? |
Stretching of bladder wall |
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Reason for dec of kidney function in older adults? |
Kidney atrophy |
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Organs affected by hyperthyroidism? |
Liver Intestines Reproductive Brain Heart Kidneys |
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Effect of Hyperthyroidism on Liver? |
-inc LDL -inc cholestrol -elevated triglycerides |
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Effect of Hyperthyroidism on Intestines? |
-constipation -dec GI activity |
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Effect of Hyperthyroidism on reproductive system |
-dec fertility -menstrual abnormalities -may harm development of infant |
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Effect of Hyperthyroidism on Brain? |
-depression -dec concentration -general lack of interest |
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Effect of Hyperthyroidism on Heart? |
-dec heart rate -inc/dec blood pressure -dec cardiac output |
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Effect of Hyperthyroidism on kidneys? |
-dec function -fluid retention and edema |
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Type of edema that develops in hyperthyroid patients? |
Myxedema |
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Features of Cushings Syndrome? |
-buffalo torso -moon face -masculinizing effects - inc blood glucose level -inc blood cortisol level -inc urinary sec of 17 hydroxysteroids -vertigo -acne -blurry vision -female balding -water retention -menstrual abnormalities -purple striae -thin skin and bruising -poor wound healing -hirsutism -severe depression -cognitive difficulties -sleep disorders -fatigue |
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How thyroid hormones are synthesized? |
1. Iodine trapping(iodide pump) 2. Formation and aecretion of thyroglobulin 3. Oxidation of iodide 4. Iodination of tyrosine (organification of tyrosine) |
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Iodine trapping in synthesis of thyroid hormones? |
Active transport of iodide from ECF into thyroid follicular cells and then into follicles |
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Formation and secretion of thyroglobulin on synthesis of thyroid hormones? |
ER and golgi apparatus of thyroid follicular cells form and secrete a glycoprotein called thyroglobulin into follicles, containing 70 tyrosine amino acid residues. T3 and T4 are formed as parr of thyroglobulin |
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Oxidation of Iodide in synthesis of thyroid hormones? |
Removal of electron. Iodide I- is oxidized to l2 in thyroid follicles. This process is accelerated by peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. |
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Filtration fraction? |
Ration of glomerular filtrate rate GFR to renal plasma flow RPF |
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Value of GFR? |
125ml/min or 180litre/day |
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Function of Urinary Sysyem |
- maintains homeostasis by controllong tje composition, volume and pressure of blood -regulates blood glucose levels -produces hormones -maintains blood osmolarity |
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Functoon of angiotensin ll |
Constrict areterioles and inc blood pressure |
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Function of juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
Regulate BP and rate of blood filtration by kidneys |
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Normal plasma calcium Level |
9.8 to 11.5mg/dl |
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Endocrine function of pancreas? |
Pancreas secretes 2 hormones: 1. Insulin (beta cells) : promotes glucose entry in many cells and in this way promotes carb metabolism 2. Glucagon (alpha cells) : inc synthesis and release of glucose from liver into body fluids |
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Hormones which control sperm formation? |
1.testosterone 2.FSH 3.LH 4.GH 5.estradiol |
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Actions of testosterone during fetal life? |
1.Differentiation and development of secondary sex organs: Leydig cells of testes sec teatosterone at 7th to 9th wks of gestation > ++wolfian duct > internal genitalia in male 2. Helps descend of testes from abd cavity into scrotum during last 2 to 3 months of pregs |
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Control of Propulsive movements of small intestines? |
Peristalsis in small intestine is controlled by following nervous and hormonal factors : -stretching of duodenal wall -gastroenteric reflex -gastrin, insulin, cck, motilin amd serotonin enhances motility -secretin and glucagon inhibits motility |
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Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on GIT? |
Autonomic control: inc GIT activity -cranial portion by vagus nerve -sacral portion by 2nd, 3rd and 4th pelvic splanchnic nerve -postganglionic neurons are located in myenteric and submucosal plexus. Functions: >inc peristalsis and tone >relaxes sphincters >inc digestive secretions |
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Whichlayer of retina becomes impaired in nyctalopia? |
Pigmented layer as vit A is stored in this layer. Layer of rods as vit A is involved in formation of retinal and rhodopsin |
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Analgesia system? |
Brain can suppress input of pain signals to nervous system by activating a pain control system called the analgesia system |
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Drugs used to treat Parkinson's? |
-levodopa/carbidopa -L-Deprenyl -transplanted fetal dopamine cells -by destroying part of the feedback circuitary |
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Features of cerebellar disease? |
1.Dysmetria and ataxia 2. past pointing 3. Dysdiadochokinesia 4. Dysarthia 5. Intention tumor 6. Cerebellar nystagmus 7. Asthenia 8. Hypotonia |
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Typea of functions of kidney? |
1. Excretory 2. Regulatory 3. Synthetic 4. Endocrine |
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Epithelium forming urinary bladder? |
Transitional epithelium |
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How does alcohol act as diuretic? |
Inhibits release of ADH |
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What is the salt level monitoring part of nephron? |
Macula densa |
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Cause of Parkinson's disease |
Results from widespread destruction of that portion of the substantia nigra the (pars compacta) that sends dopamine secreting nerve fibres to the caudate nucleus and putamen |
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Types of intrafusal fibres |
Nuclear bag fibres nuclear chain fibres |
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Anterograde amnesia |
Lesion of hippocampus and medial temporal lobe will cause inability to establish new long term memory of the type of information that are the basis of Intelligence |
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Retrograde amnesia |
Inability to recall memories from the past |
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Dysdiadochokinesia |
Inability to perform Rapid alternating movements |
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Cause of dwarfism |
Insufficient growth hormone produced by the anterior pituitary |
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Enumerate hormones that take part in lactation |
Prolactin Oxytocin estrogen progesterone |
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Functions of sertoli cells |
They offer 1.nutrition 2.support 3.spermatogenesis 4.spermiogenesis 5.mullerian inhibitory factor 6.estradiol 7.inhibin |
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Function of the placental estrogen |
Maintains uterine lining Stimulates mammary glands |
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Effect of sympathetic stimulation on git |
-Inhibits GIT activity -fibres originate in spinal cord between segments t5 to L2 -some fibres enter sympathetic chains and then pass to celiac ganglion a myenteric ganglion Most of the post ganglionic neurones are in this ganglion - innervates all the GIT security. -secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine Functions > decrease peristalsis and tone > contracts sphincters >decrease digestive secretion |
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Consensual light reflex |
Contraction in both eyes when light is shown in one eye > cause some of the fibres from pretectal nucleus of one side cross to the opposite side and end on the opposite edinger westphal nucleus |
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Types of memory? |
Declarative or explicit Non declarative or implicit |
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Explicit or Declarative Memory? |
> it is associated with consciousness or at least awareness and is dependent on the hippocampus and other parts of the medial temporal lobes of brain for its retention >events and Facts ,memory of surroundings, time relationship, cause meaning of experience |
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Implicit or non declarative memory? |
Does not involve awareness and its retention does not usually involve processing in the hippocampus >such as all the skills developed for hitting a tennis ball including automatic memory to sight the ball and calculate the relationship and speed of the ball to the racket |
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Location of primary motor cortex |
The primary motor cortex lies in the first conversation of the frontal lobes interior to the central sulcus. it begins literally in the sylvian fissure, spreads repeatedly to the upper most portion of brain, and then takes deep into the longitudinal fissure |
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What is consolidation of memory |
The short term memory, if activated repeatedly, will initiate chemical physical and Anatomical changes in the synapses that are responsible for the long term type of memory. >this process requires 5 to 10 mins for minimal consolidation and 1 hr or more for string consolidation. > rehearsal enhances the transference of short term memory into long term memory |
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What are the functions of CSF |
1.Acts as a shock absorber 2.acts as a cushion between soft and delicate brain and rigid cranium 3.acts as a fluid buffer 4.acts as a reservoir to regulate contents of cranium 5.medium for nutritional exchange 6.removes metabolites 7.transports medicine |
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Effects of lesion in Broca's area |
It causes motor aphasia. The person is capable of deciding what he want to say but cannot make the vocal system emit the words |
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Why does a person with cerebellar disease has difficulty in maintaining balance? |
>Posterior spinocerebellar fibres receive muscle joint information from the muscle spindles, tendon organs and joint receptors of the trunk and lower limbs. -This information regarding tension of muscles and joints is used by the cerebellum in the maintenance of posture >anterior spinocerebellar tract provided the same information from upper and lower Limbs >Cuneocerebellar tract provide information of muscle joint >in cerebellar lesion, the cerebellum cannot comprehend this information and results in loss of balance |
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What are the decreasing factors of GFR? |
1.Increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure 2.Increase bowman's capsule pressure 3.afferent arteriolar 🚧 4. Sympathatic simulation (because of afferent arteriolar constriction) |
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How is metabolic acidosis compensated |
Increased H+ Ion concentration in metabolic acidosis > stimulates respiratory centre in medulla > increase rate of Pulmonary ventilation > excess CO2blown off >H+ ion conc dec to normal |
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What are the lines of Defence against changes in H positive Ion concentration of body fluids |
The are three systems for regulation of acid base balance: -Acid base buffer system -Respiratory system -Renal system |
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The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends mostly on permeability properties of? |
Loop of henle |
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Urine passes through? |
Pelvis of kidney To Ureter To Bladder To Urethra |
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Which **** is associated with the Renal Corpuscle? |
Podocyte Fenestrated capillary Efferent arteriole |
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An increase in the permeability of cells of collecting tubule to water is due to? |
Increase in production of ADH |
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The kidneys are stimulated to produce Renin by? |
A dec in blood pressure |
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Which artery lies on the boundary between cortex and medulla of kidney? |
Arcuate artery |
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Difference between glomerulus and other capillaries of body? |
Its drained by an efferent arteriole |
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Descending limb of loop of henle contains? |
Fluid that becones more concentrated as it moves down into medulla |
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Movements in ureters? |
Ureters are capable of peristalsis like GIT |
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Role of fatty tissue surrounding the kidney? |
Stabilizes the position of kidneys by holding them in normal position |
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Renal corpuscle is made up of? |
Bowman's capsule Glomerulus |
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for? |
Regulating rate of filtrate formation Controlling systematic blood pressure |
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The chief source pushing water and solutes out of blood across filtration membrane is? |
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure(glomerular blood pressure) |
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Histology of ureters? |
Trilayered: Mucosa Muscularis Adventitia |
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Filtration membrane includes? |
1. Glomerular endothelium 2. Podocytes 3. Basement membrane |
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Mechanism of water re absorption by renal tubules is? |
Osmosis |
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Which is not absorbed by proximal convulated tubule? |
Creatinine |
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Macula densa cells respond to? |
Changes in solute content of filtrate |
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Most electrolyte re absorption by renal tubules is? |
Hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments |
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Hormone responsible for facultative water reabsorption? |
ADH |
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Disease caused by inadequate secretion of ADH by pituitary gland with symptoms of poly urea? |
Diabetes inspidus |
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Specific Gravity or density of urine? |
1.001 to 1.035 |
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Sequence from formation of urine drop to its elimination from the body? |
Nephron > collecting duct > minor calyx >major calyx > ureter > urethra |
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The parietal layer of glomerular capsule? |
Simple squamous epithelium |
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What would happen if capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased was normal? |
Net filtration would decrease |
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Which is a glomerular filtration rate control method? |
- renal auto regulation - neuronal regulation - hormonal regulation |
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Parts of juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
- granular cells - macula densa - mesangial cells |
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Tubular reabsorption by active mechanism usually involves? |
Movement against an electrical and or chemical gradient |
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Reasons why substances are either not reabsorbed or are in completely reabsorbed from the nephron? |
- they lack carriers - they are not liquid soluble - they are too large to pass through the fenestrations |
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Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids infiltrate is accomplished by? |
Secondary active transport |
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Function of loop of henle? |
Forms large volume of very dilute urine a small volume of very concentrated urine |
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Fetal Kidneys don't have to work very hard because? |
Placenta allows the mothers urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood |
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The factors favouring filtrate formation at glomerulus? |
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
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If Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 milligram per 100ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 milligram per hundred ml,the amino acid? |
Will appear in urine |
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If the clearance value of glucose is zero what does it mean? |
Normally all glucose is reabsorbed |
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Excretion of dilute urine requires? |
Impermeability of collecting tubule to water |
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Not a method by which the cells of renal tubules can raise blood PH? |
By secreting sodium ions |
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In ascending Limb of loop of henle? |
The thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption |
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Kidneys develop from? |
Urogenital ridges |
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Reabsorption of water is? |
Hormonal control |
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Important hormone regulator's of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? |
Angiotensin ll and Aldosterone |
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Cells of kidney that are chemoreceptors receptors that respond to changes in solute content of a filtrate? |
Macula densa cells |
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Total body water can be measured by using Radioactive? |
Water (tritium) |
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Glomerular filtration rate is increased with decreased? |
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure |
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Percentage of filtered sodium reabsorbed in the proximal tubule is about? |
65percent |
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The endogenous substance in the human body which can be used to measure glomerular filtration rate by renal clearance is? |
Creatinine |
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The mechanism for excretion of concentrated urine involves? |
- countercurrent multiplier mechanism - countercurrent exchanger mechanism - hyperosmolarity of renal medullary interstitium - presence of antidiuretic hormone |
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Sodium concentration and osmolarity of extracellular fluid is controlled mainly by? |
ADH |
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In metabolic alkalosis there is increased? |
Plasma bicarbonate concentration |
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The pKa of acid in phosphate buffer is? |
6.8 |
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Features of atonic bladder? |
> loss of sensory nerve fibres > distended atonic bladder wall > overflow dribbling > tabes dorsalis |
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Neurotransmitter that inhibits postsynaptic neurone? |
Glycine |
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Sensory receptors which undergoes slow adaptation? |
Free nerve endings |
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Function of muscles spindles? |
Regulate length of 💪 |
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In a patient having right sided hemisection of spinal cord on the contralateral side below the hemisection there is loss of? |
Pain |
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Patient with cerebellar disease is not likely to have? |
Static tremors |
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Courier is characterized by dancing flicking movements involving hand and face it is due to the lesion of? |
Corpus striatum |
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Features of pyramidal tract? |
> 30% of its fibres arise from primary motor area > 30% of its fibres arise from pre motor and supplementary motor area > it controls voluntary fine skills movements specially of distal parts of limb > most of its fibres crossover to form medullary motor decussation |
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Features of primary motor area? |
> upside down representation of body parts > initiate voluntary movements > contains a granular type of cerebral cortex > brodmann's area 4 is present in it |
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Minimum separable distance for two points tactile discrimination is on? |
Tips of fingers |
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Obligatory urine? |
500ml |
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Labour is brought by? |
Fetal ACTH |
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Fast pain is transmitted by which tract? |
Dorsal column |
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Delta waves in sleep? |
Stage 4 |
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Spastic paralysis? |
UMN |
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Hormone released from zona glomerulosa? |
Aldosterone |
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Two point discrimination is delivered by which tract? |
Dorsal column |
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Gastrin is released from? |
Pyloric gland of stomach |
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Glucose reabsorption occurs at? |
Proximal tubule |
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Impedance Matching? |
Footplate of stapes |
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Renin is secreted by? |
JG cells |
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Post ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle? |
FSH |
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Brodmann's area for taste and gustation? |
3 and 4 |
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Which hormone increases extracellular osmolarity? |
ADH |
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Parietal cells secrete? |
HCL and intrinsic factor |
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Eye focused in front of retina? |
Myopia |
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Intraocular pressure is maintained by? |
Aqueous humor |
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Maximum production of sperm? |
Adolescence |
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Water reabsorption does not occur in? |
Ascending loop of henle |
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Parturation is brought about by? |
Oxytocin and prostaglandins? |
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Stomach emptying? |
CCK |
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Levi lorain dwarfism is caused by lack of? |
Somatomedian c |
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Speech area? |
Brocas area |
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45 year old patient fasting blood glucose level 135 increase appetite? |
Diabetes type 2 |
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Temperature is increased by the hormone? |
Progesterone |
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Which hormone increases 2 days before ovulation |
LH |
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Renal blood flow? |
1100ml/min |
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Which lesion causes complete blindness in eye? |
Optic nerve |
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Babinski sign? |
Big toe dorsiflexion |
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Hormone increased in first trimester? |
HcG |
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A D H acts on which part of kidney? |
Distal convulated tubule and collecting duct |
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Ketoacidosis is found in? |
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
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Macula densa is part of? |
1st part of distal tubule |
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Defecation reflex? |
Parasympathetic reflex |
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Achalasia? |
Lower part of oesphogus ka stenosis |
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Inability to see the other side? |
Optic tract compression |
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Wernicke's area? |
Temporal lobe |
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Cause of presbyopia? |
Protein denaturation |
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Semicircular canals can detect? |
Velocity of angular acceleration |
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A speech disorder develops after head injury patient started feeling difficulty in uttering words. His speech became limited to a few words. There is most likely damage to? |
Broca's area |
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Function of attenuation reflex? |
Protects the inner ear from the damage by very loud sounds |
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Patient with right homonymous hemianopia is likely to have a lesion in? |
Left optic tract |
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The retinal cells which generate action potential along the optic nerve fibres are? |
Ganglion |
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The light rays coming from distant objects are focused in front of the Retina in? |
Myopia |
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The total refractive power of eye in diopters is |
59 |
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The effect of sympathetic stimulation mediated through beta-adrenergic receptors is? |
Cardioacceleration |
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REM sleep is characterized by? |
> beta waves in EEG > dreams which can be recalled > irregular respiration > Rapid movements of the eye |
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Functions of thalamus? |
1. Acts as the main sensory relay centre 2. Has a role in the control of motor activity 3. Past of reticular activating system 4. Part of limbic system |
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In nerve deafness of right ear? |
Weber's test is lateralized on the left side |
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The food containing and glutamate give the taste? |
Umami |
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The hormone acting on the target cells through the activation of phospholipase C is? |
Gonadotropin releasing hormone |
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Growth hormone decreases |
Protein catabolism |
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Antidiuretic hormone secretion is stimulated by? |
Increase osmolarity of body fluids |
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In patients of thyrotoxicosis or Graves disease there is decrease plasma level of? |
TSH |
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Parathyroid hormone increases? |
Renal tubular reabsorption of calcium |
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Cortisol decreases? |
Blood lymphocyte count |
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Aldosterone secretion is greatly stimulated by? |
Increased potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid |
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60percent semen is formed by? |
Secretion of seminal vesicles |
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If ovum is not fertilized, menstruation occurs. Why? |
Reduction in estrogens and progesterone |
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The secretory changes in uterine endometrium and inhibition of uterine contraction is the function of? |
Progesterone |
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In pregnancy there is inhibition of secretion of? |
Anterior pituitary gonadotropins |
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Prolactin from the anterior pituitary causes? |
Milk secretion in breast |
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PTH function on bone cells |
Osteoclasts activity |
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Type of pain transmitted by dorsal column tract |
Fast pain |
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Glucose reabsorption occurs at? |
Proximal tubule |
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Impedance Matching by whichbone |
Footplate of stapes |
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Cells in the action potential layer of retina |
Ganglion cells |
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Post ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle by which hormone |
FSH |
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Part damaged in parkinsonism |
Substantia nigra |
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Brodmann area of taste |
43 |
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Effect of ADH on extracellular osmolarity |
Increases |
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What does parietal cells secrete |
HCL and intrinsic factor |
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plasma clearance of phosphate is brought about by |
PTH |
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Hormone released from zona glomerulosa |
Aldosterone |
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Rennin is released from |
JG cells |
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Filtration fraction increases |
Oncotic pressure |
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Find touch and two point discrimination is transmitted by |
Dcml system |
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Engorgement in erection occurs in |
Corpora cavernosa |
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Movements in intestine |
Segmentation and construction |
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In Impedance Matching role of stapes |
Force of movement of stapes is increased |
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Role of aqueous humour |
Maintains intraocular pressure behind lens |
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Acne formation in girl is brought about by |
Adrenal androgens |
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Apraxia |
Hand skills movement loss |
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Beta adrenergic |
Cardio acceleration |
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Not in cerebellar lesion |
Sensory loss |
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Main force of filtration |
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
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Detection of horizontal acceleration |
Macula of utricle |
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Refractive power in child |
14 diopter |
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Lesion of right optic tract |
Left homonymous hemianopia |
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Brainwave in a child when solving problems |
Beta waves |
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Fast conducting pain fibre |
A Alpha fibre |
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ADH injection for correction |
Central DI |
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Hyperopia cause |
Weak lens system |
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Factor increasing gastric motility |
Motilin |
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Pancreatic enzyme |
Cholecystokinin |
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Two point discrimination is transmitted by |
Dorsal column sensation |
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Stapedius and tensor tympani role |
Attenuation reflex |
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Mixing Movement in small intestine |
Segmentation |
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Sensory Association area lesion effect |
Inability to recognise opposite side of body |
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Pregnancy on menstrual cycle hormones |
HCG |
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Growth retarded mentality normal |
Pituitary dwarf |
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CSS formed in |
Choroid plexus |
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Site of spermatogenesis |
Seminiferous tubules |
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Dutranope |
Green colour blindness |
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Magnet reflex |
Supporting reflex |
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Hormone decreased in menopause |
Oestrogen |
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Premature ejaculation |
Sympathetic loss |
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Alkaline secretions in ejaculatory fluid by |
Prostate |
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Effect of dopamine on prolactin secretion |
Decreases prolactin secretion |
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Cause of a tonic bladder |
Sensory loss |
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Messenger system for olfactory messenger |
Camp |
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Plasma bicarbonate increases in |
Metabolic alkalosis |
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Pain releasing **** |
Enkaphlin |
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Intracellular water amount |
28 litre water |
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Insulin decreases in |
Ketogenesis |
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Angular acceleration is detected by |
Semicircular canals |
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Muscle length organ |
Muscles spindle |
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Writhing is caused by a lesion in |
Globus pallidus |
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Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on pupil |
Construction of pupil |
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Infarct of internal capsule results in |
Contralateral spastic chronic paralysis |
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Mid collicular section of midbrain |
Decerberate rigidity |
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Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia |
Pth |
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Natural compounds for measuring GFR in the body |
Creatinine |
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7 ketosteroids |
Adrenogenital syndrome |
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Snellen chart is for |
Visual acuity |
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Big hands and feet in 30 year old |
Acromegaly |
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Amount of CSF |
500ml |
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Function of progesterone on breasts |
Alveolo lobular development |
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Unmyelinated fibres |
Type c |
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Brain waves in non REM sleep |
Beta waves |
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Which hormone causes stretch of cervix |
Oxytocin |
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Thyroxine c |
Uncouplers produce heat |
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REM sleep is characterized by |
- beta waves in EEG - active dreaming - Delta waves in EEG - rapid eye movement |
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The permeability for urea in inner medullary collecting duct is increased by |
A DH |
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Glomerular filtration rate is increased by |
Hypotension |
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Reabsorption of sodium and chloride in distal tubules and collecting duct is increased by |
Aldosterone |
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Most of water reabsorption through renal tubules is by |
Osmosis |
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The greatest amount of H+ secreted by proximal tubule is associated with |
Excretion of potassium ion |
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In body Fluids phosphate buffer is qualitatively more powerful than bicarbonate buffer because it has |
pKa value 6.8 |
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The part of renal tubules impermeable to water is |
Thick ascending Limb of loop of henle |
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Atonic bladder is characterized by |
- destruction of sensory nerve supply - loss of tone in bladder - filling of bladder to to its capacity - overflow incontinence |
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Sodium balance is regulated mainly by the control of amounts of sodium |
Excreted in urine |
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Determination of the direction from which the sound comes is the function of |
Auditory cortex |
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Sensory receptors which respond to rotation of head are present in |
Crista ampullaris |
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Pitch perception of sound having frequency less than 2000 words in the organ of corti is due to |
Volleys theory |
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After head injury patient develops speech defect there he can understand words but feels difficulty in a uttering the words speech is limited to a few words the patient is having damage to |
Broca's area |
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During development of a high grade fever with chills and rigors there is |
Shivering |
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CSF secretion involves |
Active transport of sodium ions |
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Loss of recent memory occurs when there is lesion of |
Hippocampus |
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The reflex having polysynaptic reflex arc is |
Inverse stretch reflex |
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Receptors which undergo slow adaptation or are |
Hair follicle receptors |
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Parkinson's disease is due to imbalance of neurotransmitters in basal ganglia these neurotransmitters are |
Acetylcholine and dopamine |
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Insulin increases |
Protein synthesis |
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Urinary excretion of vanllyl mandelic acid increases when there is increase secretion of |
Catecholamines |
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Testosterone decreases |
Growth of hair on scalp |
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Release of human chorionic gonadotropin from placenta stimulates |
Leydig cells of male testes |
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Serum fsh level increases when there is a low level of |
Oestrogen |
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Hormone producing growth of alveoli lobules and secretory changes in the breast is |
Progesterone |
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Post ganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibres supply |
Sweat glands |
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Fibres of DCML system decussate in |
Medulla oblongata |
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Fovea of eye |
Highest visual acuity |
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Most of refraction in eye occurs at |
Anterior surface of cornea |
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In conductive deafness effect on the affected ear |
Webberz test is lateralized |
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Permeability of Urea in inner medullary collecting duct is increased by |
A d h |
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In children when eyes are focused on an object the refractive power of lens is increased by |
14 diopters |
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Retinal cells involved in lateral inhibition are |
Horizontal cells |
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The bitter taste is maximally perceived on |
Back of tongue |
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Pathway of light reflex does not involve |
Visual cortex |
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Effect of aldosterone on sodium reabsorption |
Increases sodium reabsorption from distal part of renal tubules |
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Anti inflammatory action of cortisol is mainly due to |
Stabilization of cellular lysosomal membrane |
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When a baby cycles mothers breast the hormone involved in milk ejection is |
Oxytocin |
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The growth hormone action on fatty acids |
Increases utilisation of fatty acids for energy |
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Adrenocortical secretion of aldosterone is greatly increased with |
Increase potassium concentration in extracellular fluid |
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Parathyroid hormone decreases |
Excretion of calcium in urine |
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Gluconeogenesis is promoted by |
Glucagon |
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During fetal life the development of brain is promoted mainly by |
Thyroid hormones |
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Sensations carried by spinothalamic tract |
- crude touch - pin - temperature - tickle |
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Thalamus is involved in the control of |
Autonomic nervous system |
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In sensory aphasia there is damage to |
Wernicke's area |
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Aqueous humour has refractive index of |
1.34 |
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Left homonymous hemianopia is due to |
Right optic tract |
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Secretion of growth hormone is increased by |
Exercise |
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Adrenal medulla secretes |
More epinephrine and less Norepinephrine |
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In the blood glucocorticoid decrease the number of |
Lymphocytes |
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Ketone bodies are formed in excess when there is deficiency of |
Insulin |
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A patient with an endocrine disorder has low potassium plasma level and alkalosis he is likely to have excess of |
Aldosterone |
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Receptors for thyroid hormones are located in |
DNA |
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Sodium is reabsorbed from the baso lateral surface of Renal tubular epithelial cells by |
Sodium hydrogen exchange |
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Water filter into renal tubules is maximally reabsorbed in |
Proximal tubule |
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Total quantity of glomerular filtrate formed per day is |
180 litres |
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Hypernatremia is present in |
- addison's disease - diarrhoea - overdose of diuretics - vomiting |
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If a man drinks 3 glasses of water there is inhibition of secretion of |
A d h |
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In metabolic alkalosis there is increased |
Plasma bicarbonate concentration |
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Filtration of Plasma proteins through the glomerella membrane is prevented mainly due to |
Strong negative charge in proteoglycans of basement membrane |
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in metabolic acidosis there is decreased |
Plasma bicarbonate concentration |
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The pyramidal tract contain fibres from |
- primary motor area - premoter area - somatic sensory areas - visual areas |
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Hormones derived from tyrosine |
- dopamine - epinephrine - norepinephrine - thyroxin and T3 |
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Wffect of TSH thyroid gland? |
1. Inc proteolysis of thyroglobulin that has already been stored in the follicles, resultong in releaae of thyroid hormones in circulating blood and diminishment of the follicular substance itself. 2. Inc activity of iodide pump which onc rate of iodine trapping in glandular cells,sometomes inc the ratio of intracellular to extracellular I conc in glandular substance to as much aa 8x normal. 3. Inc iodination of tyrosine to form thyroid hormones. 4. Inc size and sec activity of thyroid cells. 5. Inc in no of thyroid cells and change from cuboidal to colimnar cells and much infoldings of thyroid epitheliem into follicles. Hence TSH inc all known sec functions of thyroid glandular cells |
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Effect of cortisol on protein metabolism? |
1. Mobilizes amino acids from extra hepatic tissues eg muscles. 2. Inc amino acid conc in blood. 3. Inc transport of amino acids into hepatic cells for: -inc protein synthesis -inc gluconeogenesis |
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Regulation of Cortisol? |
A) CRF a peptide sec by post medial basal hypothalamus > ACTH a peptide sec by ant pituitary gland > cortisol sec by adrenal cortex. B) Different stresses eg trauma infection operation > cortisol sec by adrenal cortex. C) Cortisol > negative feedback inhibiton of ACTH CRF. D) Circadian rhythm sec rates of CRF ACTH and cortisol: high in early morning, low in late evening |
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Palpitations, loss of weight despite inc appetite Intolerance to heat Pulse rate 110/min Prominent eyes Swelling on ant side of neck Diagnosis? |
Hyperthyroidism (toxic goiter, thyrotoxicosis, graves) |
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Investigations for Hyperthyroidism? |
Serum free T3 and t4 levels > high TSH levels > low |
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Causes of Hyperthyroidism? |
1. Autoimmunity > Long Acting Thyroid Stimulator LATS, an antibody >binds at the same receptors on thyroid cell membrane as TSH > inc sec of T3 and T4. 2. Localized adenoma in thyroid gland > inc sec of T3 and T4. |
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Physiological action of cortisol on carb metabolism? |
A) stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver by metavlizing amino acids in extrahepatic tissues(muscles) and inc the enzymes of gluconeogenesis. B) dec glucose utilization by cells by dec the oxidation of NADH2 required for glycolysis and bt dec the glucose transport into cells. C) Imc blood glucose level by inc gluconeogenesis and dec glucose utilization. |
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Pathophysiology of chronic renal failure? |
-Hypertension causes generalized edema due to salt and water retention. -Dec in function of neurons >Inc in urea and other protein nitrogens such as creatinine which are the end products of protein metabolism must be remived from body, causes uremia > symptoms of uremia: nausea, vomiting, mental deterioration, confusion -Acid accumulation in body fluids> budfering power used up > blood pH falls and patient will comatose> death if pH falls below 6.8 (body fluids can normally buffer 500 to 1000 millimoles of acid and phosphate compounds can buffer additional few thousand millomoles of acid) |
