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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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glycolysis
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partial oxidation of sugars to 3 C compounds; ATP and NADH are generated. occurs in cytosol and plastids
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Pentose Phosphate Pathway
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oxidizes glucose and produces NADPH and sugar phosphates, supplies NADPH w/o psn. occurs in cytosol and chloroplasts. not as dominant as glycolysis
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Citric Acid Cycle
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Krebs cycle, mitochondria, oxidizes pyruvate to CO2; ATP and NADH are generated
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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mitochondria, transfer of electrons to oxygen, coupled with ATP synthesis.
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aerobic respiration
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reduced organic compounds are oxidized as an energy source in presence of Oxygen
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Glycolysis substrates in plants and products
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sucrose(not glucose) is substrate and either pyruvate or malate as the products.
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gluconeogenesis
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sugars made from organic acids by running glycoysis backwards.
bottom up control |
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Mitochondria
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osmatically active organelle, semi-autonomous(have own DNA, RNA, ribosomes), reproduce by fission
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3 classes of 2ndary compounds
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1) terpenes
2) phenolic compounds 3) nitrogen containing compounds |
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Allelopathy
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reduce growth of neighbors by emitting chemicals into soil.
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Auxin does?
where synthesized? |
promotes cell elongation,lowers pH, raises proton levels and expansins get turned on----> cells elongate, synthesized in shoot apical meristem
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hydathode
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where auxin is made in leaves, diffuses
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Ethylene
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gaseous hormone, promotes food ripening
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climatic rise
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associated with rise in ethylene, positive feedback loop, increase in CO2 leads to increase in ethylene production, stimulates own biosynthesis
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photomorphogenesis
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effect of light on developmental program of plants, mediates through pigments that intercept light at specific wavelengths (red, far red)
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Nyctinasty
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species whose leaves open during the day and close at night----Mimosa
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Puvinus
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specialized structure at base of petiole, turgor changes result in force required for leaf movements.
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Cytokinins
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regulate cell division
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roles of cytokinins
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-modify apical dominance
-delays leaf senescense -promotes movement of nutrients into leaves -promotes chloplast development |
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lignin
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polymer found in cell walls, abundant in plants, critical evolutionary survival on land.
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oxidative phosphorylation electron flow
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from NADH(or FADH) to oxygen
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energy conservation phase of glycolysis
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malate goes to vacuoles, stored, pushed into cycle, get NADH
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bottom up control of glycolysis
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regulated by substrate availability(PEP), build up of PEP slows down earlier processes, PEP build up sends feedback to slow down fructose-1,6-biphosphate.
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Citric Acid Cycle process
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pyruvate that was made in glycolysis is completely oxidized to CO2
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Citric Acid Cycle process
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succinyl-CoA synthetase produces ATP------------------substrate level phosphorylation rxn
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products form 1 sucrose
glycolysis? Citric Acid Cycle? pentose Phosphate? |
glyc= 4 NADH, 4 ATP total
citric= 16 NADH, 4 FADH2 pentose= 4 NADPH |
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Plant outer protection
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cutin, suberin, waxes
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cutin
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aboveground cells, polymer with many long chain fatty acids joined by ester linkages, makes up the cuticle
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suberin
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belowground cells, cell wall constituent, in casparian strip of root epidermis
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waxes
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associated with cutin and suberin, hydrophobic, long chain acyl lipids, made by epidermal cells.
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terpenes
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largest class of secondary compounds, made from 3-PGA, pyruvate, repel herbivores, insoluable in water
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Phenolic compounds
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shikimic acid pathway, aromatic aa's, defense compounds, mechanical support, attract pollinators, reduce UV radiation
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Hormones
triggered by? |
chems that alter plant growth, develpoment or activities, triggered by internal or external enviros, act co-operatively to control all aspects of plant develpoment
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3 types of Hormones
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Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins
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If the stem apex was cut from stem tip and replaced by a block of
agar, what results would you expect and why? |
IAA forms abscission zone and petioles die
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If a leaf blade was removed from the end of its petiole and a paste
containing IAA was placed on the cut petiole, what results would you expect and why? |
Transport of Auxin is basipetal in stems and leaves. Auxin always moves towards the base of stems and leaves so if you remove the blade and place auxin there, the petiole would grow.
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Describe GA?
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1.Shedding leaves, flowers, & fruits-
These abscised parts are (2)? . After leaf abscission; differentiation of distinct layer of cells is called (3). |
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How does GA compare to auxins
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not polar, not at tips
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cyclohexamide
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inhibits cell wall loosening
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Name two subcellular pools of IAA
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cytosol and chloroplast
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What does auxin have to do with gravitropism? describe negative and positive types:
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gravitropism - roots grow down, shoots grow up.
(+) gravitropism = in root, no pin cells present in root to extend cells so gravity is only way to make extension. (-) gravitropism = in shoot, cells on bottom extend longer than on top due to gravitropism |
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How does IAA move through sieve tube cells of phloem? Polar or nonpolar?
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nonpolarly
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Cross linking of phenolic groups in the wall makes...
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more rigid cell wall
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Where is GA made?
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developning seeds and young leaves
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Name the hormone which regulates apical dominance.
Name two hormones which also play a role in apical dominance |
Auxin
cytokinins, ABA |
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Name both biologically active and inactive form of Auxin and state where it is stored and what is it associated with.
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Conjugated IAA = inactive
- stored in this form conjugated with glucose, inositol, amides, glycoprotein IAA - biologically active form |
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GA synthesis controlled by?
How is GA sythesized? |
Synthesis controlled by genes since dwarf plants are affected and
normal size plants are not affected by GA Gibberellins are synthesized via the Terpenoid Pathway |
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Why is IAA degraded and what is used to degrade it?
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control devel.
oxidative degredation |
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Auxins move____ to the tissue below
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basipitally
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If the root cap was removed from the root apex and the root was
placed on a horizontal position, what results would you expect and why? |
Root tissue is more sensitive to IAA than stem tissue. IAA concentration on the bottom is so much it causes the root to bend down. If you cut off the root cap where IAA is located you don’t have the settling out of IAA so you don’t have root bending down. So if you were to lay the root apex on its side you would not have root bending down because no IAA present. Elongation of the root would cease.
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Hydathodes
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where auxin is synthesized in leaves---> diffuses
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IAA does not cross_____ and IAA conjugates are located in the ____
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the membrane, cytosol
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name some physiological effxs of auxins:
(cells, stems, roots, cell wall, ect) |
cell elongation
promots growth in stems inhibits growth in roots Wall loosening protien (expansin) brks cellulose links |
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Processes controlled by GA
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Photperiodism
stem growth seed development fruit development |
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1. Biosynthesis occurs in ___
2. Largest amount is at the ____ 3. Synthesized from_____ |
1. leaf primodia, developing leave & seeds
2. shoot apex (stem tips) 3. amino acid tryptophan |
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What is a major function of phytochromes
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induces germination (only Pfr form after exposure to red light)
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What is gravitropism and how is it accomplished in plants?
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movement relative to gravity; auxin pushes the shoot towards light (same way as photo)
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What are phytochromes, what are the 2 chemical forms, and how are these forms induced?
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photoreceptor proteins:
Pr absorbs red light Pfr Pfr absorbs far red light Pr |
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Describe the mechanism of seed germination involving gibberellins. What is the economic significance of this?
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Embryo releases hormone
starches are broken down into sugars Becomes nutrient for the seed Used in alcohol production |
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How do roots and shoots function differently with respect to gravitropism?
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roots: positively gravitrophic
shoots: negatively gravitrophic |
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Name 3 major functions of Gibberellins
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seed germination, fruit development, stem growth
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Name two functions of ethylene (as a plant hormone).
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fruit ripening, apical hook
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How does auxin work to expand/elongate cells?
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loosens cellulose microfibrils, causes rapid expansion
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What is apical dominance and what controls it?
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-auxin inhibits growth of lateral branches--
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How is ethylene used commercially
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sprayed on fruit to promote rippening
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What is phototropism?
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movement towards light
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Why are gibberellins often sprayed onto seedless fruits?
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causes fruit development so it helps enlarge fruits
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Name 3 functions of the plant hormone auxin.
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regulates apical dominance
promotes fruit development delays leaf abscission |
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How is phototropism accomplished in plants?
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auxin concentrates on the dark side os a shoot, causes cells to elongate, pushes stem toward light
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What is the definition of a hormone
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chem that has effect on development, produced in one area of body and transported to another area
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thigmanasty
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movements from touch
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K+ movement in pulvini, day vs. night
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day= (open)K from dorsal to ventral
night= (closed)K from ventral to dorsal |
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furanocomarins
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activated by high UV light
insert into insects DNA and block transcription |
