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235 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Collects deoxygenated blood from the cranial half of the body |
Superior vena cava |
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2 Agranulocytes |
Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Circulation b/w heart and diff organs and tissues of the body |
Systemic circulation |
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Circulation between heart and lungs |
Pulmonary circulation |
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Contain an elastic layer allowing them to sustain a higher pressure |
Arteries |
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Does not have elastic layer, but has valves which prevent blood back flow |
Veins |
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Responsible for innate/acquired immunity. Related to antibody production |
Lymphocytes |
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Immature and weak phagocytes when they are in the blood |
Monocytes |
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1st heart sound (valves) |
Tricuspid and bicuspid (atrioventricular/AV valves) |
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2nd heart sound (valves) |
Pulmonary and aortic valve (semilunar valves) |
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Left atrioventricular valve |
Mitral Valve |
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Right atrioventricular valve |
Tricuspid valve |
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First chamber to collect deoxygenated blood |
Right atrium |
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Circulation between heart and lungs |
Pulmonary circulation |
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Smallest blood vessel which allow greater area of blood distribution. Are permeable. |
Capillaries |
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Does not have elastic layer, but has valves which prevent blood back flow |
Veins |
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Contain an elastic layer allowing them to sustain a higher pressure |
Arteries |
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Smallest blood vessel which allow greater area of blood distribution. Are permeable. |
Capillaries |
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Contain an elastic layer allowing them to sustain a higher pressure |
Arteries |
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Does not have elastic layer, but has valves which prevent blood back flow |
Veins |
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Contain an elastic layer allowing them to sustain a higher pressure |
Arteries |
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Does not have elastic layer, but has valves which prevent blood back flow |
Veins |
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Smallest blood vessel which allow greater area of blood distribution. Are permeable. |
Capillaries |
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Contain an elastic layer allowing them to sustain a higher pressure |
Arteries |
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4 Components of blood |
Leukocytes, Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Plasma |
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3 Granulocytes |
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
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Granulocyte whose main function is phagocytosis |
Neutrophils |
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Granulocyte that is numerous during parasitic infections |
Eosinophils |
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Granulocyte that is numerous during allergic reactions |
Basophils |
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Large molecule which enables efficient transfer of O2 and CO2, facilitates gas transport |
Hemoglobin |
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Contain an elastic layer allowing them to sustain a higher pressure |
Arteries |
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Does not have elastic layer, but has valves which prevent blood back flow |
Veins |
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Smallest blood vessel which allow greater area of blood distribution. Are permeable. |
Capillaries |
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Circulation between heart and lungs |
Pulmonary circulation |
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Circulation b/w heart and diff organs and tissues of the body |
Systemic circulation |
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Circulation within the heart |
Coronary circulation |
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Collects deoxygenated blood from the cranial half of the body |
Superior vena cava |
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Collects deoxygenated blood from the caudal half of the body |
Inferior vena cava |
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2 Agranulocytes |
Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Responsible for innate/acquired immunity. Related to antibody production |
Lymphocytes |
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Immature and weak phagocytes when they are in the blood |
Monocytes |
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First chamber to collect deoxygenated blood |
Right atrium |
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Right atrioventricular valve |
Tricuspid valve |
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Left atrioventricular valve |
Mitral Valve |
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1st heart sound (valves) |
Tricuspid and bicuspid (atrioventricular/AV valves) |
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2nd heart sound (valves) |
Pulmonary and aortic valve (semilunar valves) |
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1 complete heart beat |
Cardiac cycle |
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2 Agranulocytes |
Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Responsible for innate/acquired immunity. Related to antibody production |
Lymphocytes |
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Immature and weak phagocytes when they are in the blood |
Monocytes |
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First chamber to collect deoxygenated blood |
Right atrium |
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Right atrioventricular valve |
Tricuspid valve |
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Left atrioventricular valve |
Mitral Valve |
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1st heart sound (valves) |
Tricuspid and bicuspid (atrioventricular/AV valves) |
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2nd heart sound (valves) |
Pulmonary and aortic valve (semilunar valves) |
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1 complete heart beat |
Cardiac cycle |
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Period of cardiac contraction, transferring of blood into another chamber |
Systole |
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2 Agranulocytes |
Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Period of cardiac relaxation, chamber fills up with blood |
Diastole |
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Responsible for innate/acquired immunity. Related to antibody production |
Lymphocytes |
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Immature and weak phagocytes when they are in the blood |
Monocytes |
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First chamber to collect deoxygenated blood |
Right atrium |
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Right atrioventricular valve |
Tricuspid valve |
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Left atrioventricular valve |
Mitral Valve |
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1st heart sound (valves) |
Tricuspid and bicuspid (atrioventricular/AV valves) |
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2nd heart sound (valves) |
Pulmonary and aortic valve (semilunar valves) |
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1 complete heart beat |
Cardiac cycle |
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Period of cardiac contraction, transferring of blood into another chamber |
Systole |
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2 Agranulocytes |
Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Period of cardiac relaxation, chamber fills up with blood |
Diastole |
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Pacemaker of the heart |
Sinoatrial node (SA Node) |
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Responsible for innate/acquired immunity. Related to antibody production |
Lymphocytes |
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Immature and weak phagocytes when they are in the blood |
Monocytes |
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First chamber to collect deoxygenated blood |
Right atrium |
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Right atrioventricular valve |
Tricuspid valve |
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Left atrioventricular valve |
Mitral Valve |
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1st heart sound (valves) |
Tricuspid and bicuspid (atrioventricular/AV valves) |
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2nd heart sound (valves) |
Pulmonary and aortic valve (semilunar valves) |
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1 complete heart beat |
Cardiac cycle |
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Period of cardiac contraction, transferring of blood into another chamber |
Systole |
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2 Agranulocytes |
Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Period of cardiac relaxation, chamber fills up with blood |
Diastole |
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Pacemaker of the heart |
Sinoatrial node (SA Node) |
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Receives action potential from atrial mm. fiber, passes action potential to the next structure |
Atrioventricular node (AV Node) |
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Responsible for innate/acquired immunity. Related to antibody production |
Lymphocytes |
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Immature and weak phagocytes when they are in the blood |
Monocytes |
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First chamber to collect deoxygenated blood |
Right atrium |
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Right atrioventricular valve |
Tricuspid valve |
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Left atrioventricular valve |
Mitral Valve |
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1st heart sound (valves) |
Tricuspid and bicuspid (atrioventricular/AV valves) |
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2nd heart sound (valves) |
Pulmonary and aortic valve (semilunar valves) |
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1 complete heart beat |
Cardiac cycle |
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Period of cardiac contraction, transferring of blood into another chamber |
Systole |
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2 Agranulocytes |
Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Period of cardiac relaxation, chamber fills up with blood |
Diastole |
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Pacemaker of the heart |
Sinoatrial node (SA Node) |
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Receives action potential from atrial mm. fiber, passes action potential to the next structure |
Atrioventricular node (AV Node) |
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Loc. In the membranous septum b/w atria and ventricles, serves as an electrical connection b/w atria and ventricles |
AV bundle/bundle of HIS |
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Responsible for innate/acquired immunity. Related to antibody production |
Lymphocytes |
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Immature and weak phagocytes when they are in the blood |
Monocytes |
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First chamber to collect deoxygenated blood |
Right atrium |
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Right atrioventricular valve |
Tricuspid valve |
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Left atrioventricular valve |
Mitral Valve |
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1st heart sound (valves) |
Tricuspid and bicuspid (atrioventricular/AV valves) |
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2nd heart sound (valves) |
Pulmonary and aortic valve (semilunar valves) |
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1 complete heart beat |
Cardiac cycle |
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Period of cardiac contraction, transferring of blood into another chamber |
Systole |
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2 Agranulocytes |
Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Period of cardiac relaxation, chamber fills up with blood |
Diastole |
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Pacemaker of the heart |
Sinoatrial node (SA Node) |
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Receives action potential from atrial mm. fiber, passes action potential to the next structure |
Atrioventricular node (AV Node) |
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Loc. In the membranous septum b/w atria and ventricles, serves as an electrical connection b/w atria and ventricles |
AV bundle/bundle of HIS |
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Loc. w/in inter-ventricular septum, sends action potentials further into the purkinje fibers |
Right and left bundle branches |
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Responsible for innate/acquired immunity. Related to antibody production |
Lymphocytes |
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Immature and weak phagocytes when they are in the blood |
Monocytes |
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First chamber to collect deoxygenated blood |
Right atrium |
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Right atrioventricular valve |
Tricuspid valve |
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Left atrioventricular valve |
Mitral Valve |
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1st heart sound (valves) |
Tricuspid and bicuspid (atrioventricular/AV valves) |
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2nd heart sound (valves) |
Pulmonary and aortic valve (semilunar valves) |
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1 complete heart beat |
Cardiac cycle |
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Period of cardiac contraction, transferring of blood into another chamber |
Systole |
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2 Agranulocytes |
Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Period of cardiac relaxation, chamber fills up with blood |
Diastole |
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Pacemaker of the heart |
Sinoatrial node (SA Node) |
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Receives action potential from atrial mm. fiber, passes action potential to the next structure |
Atrioventricular node (AV Node) |
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Loc. In the membranous septum b/w atria and ventricles, serves as an electrical connection b/w atria and ventricles |
AV bundle/bundle of HIS |
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Loc. w/in inter-ventricular septum, sends action potentials further into the purkinje fibers |
Right and left bundle branches |
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Loc. at apex of myocardium, stimulates papillary muscles |
Purkinje fibers |
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Responsible for innate/acquired immunity. Related to antibody production |
Lymphocytes |
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Immature and weak phagocytes when they are in the blood |
Monocytes |
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First chamber to collect deoxygenated blood |
Right atrium |
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Right atrioventricular valve |
Tricuspid valve |
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Left atrioventricular valve |
Mitral Valve |
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1st heart sound (valves) |
Tricuspid and bicuspid (atrioventricular/AV valves) |
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2nd heart sound (valves) |
Pulmonary and aortic valve (semilunar valves) |
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1 complete heart beat |
Cardiac cycle |
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Period of cardiac contraction, transferring of blood into another chamber |
Systole |
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1 heartbeat (1 lubdub) |
1 opening and 1 closing of AV and semilunar valves |
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1 heartbeat (1 lubdub) |
1 opening and 1 closing of AV and semilunar valves |
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Cardiac valve at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Consists of flaps preventing blood back flow during systole |
Semilunar valve |
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1 heartbeat (1 lubdub) |
1 opening and 1 closing of AV and semilunar valves |
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Cardiac valve at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Consists of flaps preventing blood back flow during systole |
Semilunar valve |
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Valve that separates atria from ventricles on each side of the heart and prevent blood back flow from ventricle to atria during systole |
Atrioventricular valve |
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Heartbeats per monute |
Heart rate |
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Blood pressure wave that travels through the arteries when ventricles contract. Created during systole |
Pulse |
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Blood pressure wave that travels through the arteries when ventricles contract. Created during systole |
Pulse |
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Can be determined via the lukse |
Blood pressure |
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Dog normal heart rate |
70-120 |
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Dog and pig normal heart rate |
70-120 bpm |
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Cat normal heart rate |
120-140 bpm |
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Cattle normal heart rate |
48-84 bpm |
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Cattle normal heart rate |
48-84 bpm |
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Sheep and goat normal heart rate |
70-80 bpm |
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3 common artifacts of auscultation |
1. Respiratory clicks and murmurs 2. Rumbles due to shivering and twitching 3. Movement sounds |
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Areas that should be auscultated on the left side: |
Pulmonary, Aortic, Mitral |
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Areas that should be auscultated on the left side: |
Pulmonary, Aortic, Mitral |
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Area that should be auscultated on the right side: |
Tricuspid |
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Areas that should be auscultated on the left side: |
Pulmonary, Aortic, Mitral |
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Area that should be auscultated on the right side: |
Tricuspid |
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Dog mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th intercostal space at the costochondral junction |
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Areas that should be auscultated on the left side: |
Pulmonary, Aortic, Mitral |
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Area that should be auscultated on the right side: |
Tricuspid |
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Dog mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th intercostal space at the costochondral junction |
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Cat mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th-6th intercostal space near the sternum |
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Areas that should be auscultated on the left side: |
Pulmonary, Aortic, Mitral |
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Area that should be auscultated on the right side: |
Tricuspid |
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Dog mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th intercostal space at the costochondral junction |
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Cat mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th-6th intercostal space near the sternum |
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Dog aortic valve auscultation |
Left, 4th intercostal space above the costochondral junction |
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Areas that should be auscultated on the left side: |
Pulmonary, Aortic, Mitral |
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Area that should be auscultated on the right side: |
Tricuspid |
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Dog mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th intercostal space at the costochondral junction |
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Cat mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th-6th intercostal space near the sternum |
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Dog aortic valve auscultation |
Left, 4th intercostal space above the costochondral junction |
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Cat aortic valve auscultation |
2nd-3rd intercostal space just dorsal to the pulmonic area |
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Areas that should be auscultated on the left side: |
Pulmonary, Aortic, Mitral |
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Area that should be auscultated on the right side: |
Tricuspid |
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Dog mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th intercostal space at the costochondral junction |
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Cat mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th-6th intercostal space near the sternum |
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Dog aortic valve auscultation |
Left, 4th intercostal space above the costochondral junction |
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Cat aortic valve auscultation |
2nd-3rd intercostal space just dorsal to the pulmonic area |
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Dog pulmonic valve auscultation |
Between 2nd and 4th intercostal space just above the sternum |
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Areas that should be auscultated on the left side: |
Pulmonary, Aortic, Mitral |
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Area that should be auscultated on the right side: |
Tricuspid |
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Dog mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th intercostal space at the costochondral junction |
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Cat mitral valve auscultation |
Left, 5th-6th intercostal space near the sternum |
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Dog aortic valve auscultation |
Left, 4th intercostal space above the costochondral junction |
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Cat aortic valve auscultation |
2nd-3rd intercostal space just dorsal to the pulmonic area |
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Dog pulmonic valve auscultation |
Left, Between 2nd and 4th intercostal space just above the sternum |
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Cat pulmonic valve auscultation |
Left, 2nd-3rd intercostal space 1/3 way up from the sternum |
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Dog tricuspid valve auscultation |
Right, 3rd-5th intercostal space near costochondral junction |
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Abnormal heart sound due to the contraction of the atrium in an already over-distended ventricle |
S4 |
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Area where S4 is best heard |
Aortic and pulmonic area |
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Period when S4 occurs |
During diastole, just prior to the 1st heart sound |
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An S3, S4 or combination of low frequency. Can be a very early sign of heart failure. |
Gallop rhythm |
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Area where gallop rhythm is best heard |
Aortic and pulmonic area |
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Short, mid to high frequency clicking sounds |
Systolic clicks |
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Period when systolic clicks can be heard |
During systole, between S1 and S2 |
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Areas where systolic clicks are loudest |
Mitral and tricuspid |
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Caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart and vessels created by either abnormal anatomical structures, altered viscosity, or changes in blood vessel diameter |
Murmurs |
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4 causes of disruptions in blood flow that can cause murmurs |
1. Holes in the heart 2. Stenotic valve 3. Abnormal venous connection near the heart 4. Altered blood viscosity/change in blood vessel diameter |
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Cat tricuspid valve auscultation |
Right, 4th-5th intercostal space near sternum |
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Examples of diseases which can cause pathological murmurs (3) |
1. Valve stenosis 2. Regurgitation of blood 3. Shunting of blood |
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Classification of murmurs (5) |
1. Timing in cardiac cycle 2. Duration 3. PMI 4. Intensity/loudness (grades) 5. Pitch/frequency 6. Quality/shape |
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Device that converts vibrations that were recorded and turns it into illustrations |
Phonocardiogram |
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Area in which murmurs are loudest |
Point of max intensity (PMI) |
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Due to the abrupt acceleration or deceleration of blood and the vibrations of the heart and bessels |
Normal heart sounds |
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Longer, duller, and lower pitched normal heart sound |
S1 |
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Normal heart sound produced by passive closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves |
S2 |
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Heart sounds caused by situations where the body can still adapt. May return to normal after a period of time |
Abnormal heart sounds |
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Abnormal heart sound due to rapid ventricular filling |
S3 |
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Area where S3 is best heard |
Mitral valve |
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Period when S3 occurs |
During diastole, after 2nd heart sound |
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Murmurs that occur under certain events that are normal in the body |
Physiological murmur |
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Murmurs that occur under certain events that are normal in the body |
Physiological murmur |
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High frequency murmurs occurring in the early to mid-systolic phase. Loudest over the aortic and pulmonic areas. |
Physiologic murmur |
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Murmurs that occur under certain events that are normal in the body |
Physiological murmur |
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High frequency murmurs occurring in the early to mid-systolic phase. Loudest over the aortic and pulmonic areas. |
Physiologic murmur |
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Soft systolic murmurs and usually only occur in young animals |
Innocent murmur |
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Pathological, early diastolic, decrescendo murmur |
Aortic regurgitation |
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Pathological, early diastolic, decrescendo murmur |
Aortic regurgitation |
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Pathological, crescendo, decrescendo, systolic, ejection murmur |
Aortic stenosis |
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Pathological, early diastolic, decrescendo murmur |
Aortic regurgitation |
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Pathological, crescendo, decrescendo, systolic, ejection murmur |
Aortic stenosis |
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Pathological, mid-systolic, ejection murmur |
Atrial septal defect |
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Pathological, early diastolic, decrescendo murmur |
Aortic regurgitation |
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Pathological, crescendo, decrescendo, systolic, ejection murmur |
Aortic stenosis |
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Pathological, mid-systolic, ejection murmur |
Atrial septal defect |
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Loud, S1, low-pitched decrescendo, crescendo rumbling, diastolic murmur |
Mitral stenosis |
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Pathological, early diastolic, decrescendo murmur |
Aortic regurgitation |
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Pathological, crescendo, decrescendo, systolic, ejection murmur |
Aortic stenosis |
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Pathological, mid-systolic, ejection murmur |
Atrial septal defect |
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Pathological, Loud, S1, low-pitched decrescendo, crescendo rumbling, diastolic murmur |
Mitral stenosis |
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Pathological, Mid-systolic with medium pitch murmur |
Pulmonary stenosis |
