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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Displacement
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The distance moved in a particular direction.
S |
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Velocity
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The Rate of Change of displacement.
V or U |
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Speed
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The Rate of Change of Distance
V or U |
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Acceleration
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The Rate of Change of Velocity
a |
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Instantaneous v. Average
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The instantaneous value of a magnitude is taken at one particular time, while the average value is taken over a period of time.
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Relative Velocity
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Velocity in one frame of reference compared with a different frame of reference.
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Inertial Mass
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Ratio of force applied on a body divided by acceleration caused by the force.
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Gravitational Mass
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The property of an object that determines how much gravitational force it feels when near another mass.
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Linear Momentum
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The product of mass and velocity.
p=mv |
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Impulse
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Product of force multiplied by the time the force acts.
Ft=p |
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Work
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The product of force and displacement if they are both in the same direction
W = Fs |
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy due to Motion
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Power
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The Rate at which energy is transfered
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Efficiency
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A ratio of the useful energy to the total energy transferred.
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Newton's First Law of Motion
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A body remains at rest or in uniform velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
Inertia |
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Newton's Second Law of Motion
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The rate of change of the momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force and occurs in the direction of the force.
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Newton's Third Law of Motion
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When two bodies A and B interact, they exert an equal and opposite force on each other.
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Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
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If no external force acts on the system, the total momentum of the system is conserved.
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Temperature
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A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance.
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Conduction
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Thermal energy transfer through matter as a result of collision of vibrating molecules of its neighbor.
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Convention
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Thermal energy transfer between two points due to a bulk of matter. E.g hot fluid expands, gets less dense, rises, and creates a current. (can only take place in fluids or gasses).
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Radiation
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Energy transfer due to the radiation of electromagnetic waves emitted by any body above 0 Kelvin.
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Heat Capacity
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Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a body by 1 Kelvin ( ).
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Specific Heat Capacity
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Energy required to raise the temperature of one unit mass by 1 Kelvin ( ).
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Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
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Energy required to change one unit mass of solid into liquid at its melting point.
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Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization
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Energy required to change one unit mass of liquid into gas at its boiling point.
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Mole
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The amount of substance that contains as many elementary units as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of the isotope carbon-12 (mol).
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Molar Mass
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The Mass of 1 Mole of the Substance in Question
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Avogadro's Constant
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The number of molecules in one mole of a substance. ( ).
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Thermodynamic System
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Set of objects that we wish to consider. Everything else is referred to as its environment.
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Boyle's Law
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For a fixed mass of gas pressure is inversely proportional to volume if temperature stays constant.
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Pressure Law
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For a fixed mass of gas pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature if volume stays constant.
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Charles Law
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For a fixed mass of gas volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature if pressure stays constant.
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Wave Pulse
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One disturbance.
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Transverse Waves
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Oscillations are at right angle to the direction of energy transfer. The top of the wave is called a crest and the bottom a trough.
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Longitudinal Waves
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Oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer which is transferred by compressions and rarefactions.
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Displacement (Waves)
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Displacement from equilibrium position of a particle.
X |
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Amplitude
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Maximum displacement from the mean position.
A |
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Period
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Time taken (in seconds) for one complete oscillation.
T |
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Frequency
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The number of oscillations that take place in one second. Measured in Hertz.
f |
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Wavelength
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Shortest distance along the wave between two points that are in phase with one another.
Lamda |
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In Phase
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Two points that are moving exactly in step with one another.
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Wave Speed
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The speed at which the wave’s front pass a stationary observer.
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Refraction
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As a plane wave incident at an angle on the boundary between two media, the transmitted wave will change its direction and its speed.
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Coherent Sources
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Two sources with the same frequency and a constant phase difference.
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Diffraction
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When waves spread around obstacles.
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Interference
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The resulting wave of two waves which meet and interfere with each other, and can be determined by the Principle of Superposition.
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The Doppler Effect
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Change of frequency of a wave as a result of the movement of the source or the movement of the observer.
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Snell's Law
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The ratio of the wave speeds in two different media, as a wave travels from one medium into another.
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Huygen's Principle
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Each point on a wave front acts as an individual point source to produce new circular waves.
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Principle of Superposition
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The overall disturbance at any point and at any time where two waves meet is the vector sum of the disturbance that would have been produced by each of the individual waves.
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Electric Field
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Force per unit charge acting on a positive test charge. It is a vector quantity.
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electric Potential Energy
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The work required to bring a small positive test charge from infinity to a particular point in an electric field. Measured in Joules (J).
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Electric Potential
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The work required per unit charge to bring a unit positive test charge from infinity to a particular point in an electric field. Measured in Joules per Coulomb ( ).
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Electric Potential Difference (Voltage)
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The work done in bringing a unit positive test charge from one point to another in an electric field. Measured in Joules per Coulomb ( ).
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Electric Current (Conventional)
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The rate of flow of charge (positive to negative). C/t
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Electric Current (Actual)
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The rate of flow of the electrons (negative to positive).
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Drift Velocity
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The average velocity given to an electron by the potential difference across a conductor.
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Resistance
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The opposition to the flow of electric current.
R |
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Ampere
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The current in each of two parallel infinite long wires, 1 meter apart in a vacuum, which experiences a force between them of , is 1 Ampere.
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EMF
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Electro Motive Force
It is the work per unit charge made available by an electrical source. |
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Coulomb's Law
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The force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the two charges and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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Ohm's Law
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The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across it if the temperature remains constant.
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Nuclide
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The name given to a particular nucleus (one whose nucleus contains a specified number of protons and neutrons).
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Isotope
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Nuclides of the same element (same proton number) but different number of neutrons and atomic mass.
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Nucleon
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Particles inside the nucleus (protons and neutrons).
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Mass Number
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The sum of protons and neutrons in an element.
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons in the nucleus (determines the element).
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Alpha Particle
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Helium nuclei (He) emitted from a larger nucleus.
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Beta Particle
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Electrons emitted from the nucleus during neutron decay together with an anti-neutrino.
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Gamma Radiation
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Released during decay of an element from an excited state to a lower energy state to become more stable.
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Half Life
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Time taken for half the number of nuclides present in a sample to decay.
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Unified Atomic Mass Unit
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One twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
u |
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Mass Defect
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Difference between the mass of a nucleus and the masses of its components.
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Binding Energy
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Amount of energy that is released when a nucleus is assembled from its component nucleons.
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Nuclear Fission
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Nuclear reaction whereby large nuclei are induced to break up into smaller nuclei and release energy in the process.
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Nuclear Fusion
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Nuclear reaction whereby small nuclei are induced to join together into larger nuclei and release energy in the process.
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Radioactive Decay
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Happens in unstable nuclei. Involves one of the three possible form of radiation: alpha, beta or gamma decay.
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Strong Nuclear Force
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Short range attractive force between protons, neutrons and protons, and neutrons and neutrons.
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Emission Spectra
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The light an element emits which is not continuous and contains characteristics color lines which correspond to that element.
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absorption Spectra
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Light is shone through an element in the gaseous state with black characteristics lines which correspond to electrons jumping between allowed electron energy levels.
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