Physics Ch. 14 Notes 4 (Breathing Patterns)

Front 1

Respiratory rate and tidal volume gradually increase and then gradually decreased to complete apnea, which may last several seconds:
(this may occur from brain injuries)

Back 1

Cheyne-Stokes

Front 2

Similar to Cheyne-Stokes, except the tidal volumes are of identical depth:

Back 2

Biot's respiration

Front 3

A pattern of respirations characterized by a prolonged inspiratory phase followed by expiratory apnea:

Back 3

apneustic breathing

Front 4

Characterized by persistent hyperventilation driven by abnormal stimuli. Related to midbrain and upper pons damage associated with head trauma severe brain hypoxia or lack of blood flow to the brain:

Back 4

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

Front 5

The respiratory centers do not respond appropriately to ventilatory stimuli such as CO2 (usually associated with narcotics):

Back 5

Central neurogenic hypoventilation

Front 6

Generated by stretch receptors located in balls large and small airways, they send inhibitory impulses through the vagus nerve to the DRG neurons stopping further inspiration (a similar effect to that of the pneumotaxic center)

Back 6

The Hering-Bruer inflation reflex

Front 7

Sudden collapse of the lung stimulates strong inspiratory efforts. This reflex is probably responsible for the hyperpnia observed with pneumothorax:

Back 7

Deflation reflex

Front 8

This reflex may help maintain large tidal volumes during exercise and may be involved in periodic deep sighs during quiet breathing, which prevents alveolar collapse or atelectasis (also may be responsible for the first breath of a newborn baby):

Back 8

Head's paradoxic reflex

Front 9

This reflex causes bronchoconstriction, coughing, sneezing, tachypnea and narrowing of the glottis:

Back 9

Irritant receptors

Front 10

And ammonia, congestive heart failure, and pulmonary edema stimulate these receptors, which are located in the lung parenchyma near the pulmonary capillaries. This stimulation causes shallow breathing and a sense of dyspnea:

Back 10

J- receptors
(juxtacapillary receptors)

Front 11

These receptors can be stimulated by slapping or splashing cold water on the skin, they are also important in initiating and maintaining increased ventilation at the beginning of exercise:

Back 11

Peripheral proprioceptors

Front 12

Located in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles that are part of a reflex arc that helps the muscles adjust to an increased load:

Back 12

Muscles spindles