Physics 31 & 32

Front 1

What does in vitro mean?

Back 1

Outside of the body or outside the cell

Front 2

What does in vivo mean?

Back 2

Within the living cell

Front 3

When are macromolecules most radiosensitive?

Back 3

In their natural state= in vivo

Front 4

What is main chain scission?

Back 4

Breakage of the backbone of the long chain macromolecule

Front 5

What does main-chain scission reduce?

Back 5

The size and viscosity(cold maple syrup)

Front 6

What is Cross linking?

Back 6

Attaching to a neighbor macromolecule or to another segment of the same molecule

Front 7

Radiation induced molecular cross linking increases?

Back 7

Viscosity of a macromolecular solution

Front 8

What are point lesions?

Back 8

Disruption of single chemical bonds (not detectable)

Front 9

What is macromolecular synthesis?

Back 9

Anabolism ( synthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecules) and catabolism (breakdown into smaller molecules)

Front 10

What is sublethal damage?

Back 10

Accumulated damage before cell death

Front 11

What does LET mean?

Back 11

Linear energy transfer - the measure of energy transferred from ionizing radiation to tissue

Front 12

What does RBE mean?

Back 12

Relative biological effectiveness -biologic damage

Front 13

Point lesions can result in what kind of effect?

Back 13

Stochastic (probabilistic) long term radiation effects observed at the whole body level

Front 14

What does metabolism consists of?

Back 14

Catabolism and anabolism

Front 15

What is the most radiosensitive molecule?

Back 15

DNA

Front 16

What is the principal characteristic of radiation induced malignant disease?

Back 16

Uncontrolled rapid proliferation of cells

Front 17

What is the genetic effect?

Back 17

Damage to the DNA occurring within the germ cell and the response to radiation exposure will not be observed until the next generation

Front 18

What are the results from irradiation of DNA?

Back 18

Cell death, malignant disease, genetic effects

Front 19

Which of the 3 observable effects of irradiation of DNA happens at the linear non-threshold dose response relationship?

Back 19

Malignant Disease and genetic

Front 20

How much of the body is water?

Back 20

80%

Front 21

We can assume most effects of radiation on humans are indirect or direct effects?

Back 21

Indirect

Front 22

What cell phase is the most time variable?

Back 22

G1

Front 23

What is a hit?

Back 23

An ionization (indirect or direct) that kills/hits the target molecule

Front 24

What does a low D sub 37 represent?

Back 24

Indicates a highly radio-sensitivity cell

Front 25

What does a high D sub 37 represent?

Back 25

Radio-resistant Cell

Front 26

What is a D sub 37 called?

Back 26

Poisson distribution

Front 27

What does D sub 37 mean?

Back 27

When the radiation dose reaches a level sufficient to kill 63% of the cells and 37% survive

Front 28

What does D sub o called?

Back 28

Mean lethal dose

Front 29

A large D sub o indicates ?

Back 29

Radioresistant cells

Front 30

What is radiolysis and what happens?

Back 30

Water irradiated it dissociates (breaks down) and creates free radicals

Front 31

A small D sub o indicates?

Back 31

Radiosensitive cells

Front 32

What is alara’s dose response relationship ?

Back 32

Linear non-threshold dose response relationship

Front 33

Single target single hit model applies to what kind of cells?

Back 33

Enzymes , viruses , and bacteria

Front 34

Multi target single hit applies to what kind of cells?

Back 34

Human cells

Front 35

D sub 37 applies to what single hit model?

Back 35

Single target

Front 36

How does radiation interact with cells?

Back 36

Randomly

Front 37

What is the target number?

Back 37

2

Front 38

What is the alternative name for extrapolation number?

Back 38

Target number

Front 39

How many targets can we have?

Back 39

2 to 12

Front 40

What is cell cycle time?

Back 40

The average time from one mitosis to another

Front 41

What does a free radical look like?

Back 41

An uncharged molecule with a single unpaired electron in the outer shell

Front 42

How long is the cell cycle time?

Back 42

24 hours

Front 43

What model does High LET follow?

Back 43

Single target single hit model

Front 44

What cell cycle is most radioresistant?

Back 44

Late S phase

Front 45

What cell cycle is the most radiosensitive?

Back 45

Mitosis

Front 46

What is a direct hit?

Back 46

When the ionizing event occurs on the target molecule

Front 47

What is the life span of a free radical?

Back 47

1/1000 or less than 1 ms (millisecond)

Front 48

What is an indirect hit?

Back 48

Transfers the energy of the ionization to the target molecule

Front 49

What are free radicals?

Back 49

Unstable molecules that contain excess energy

Front 50

Which of the compounds is toxic to the cells?

Back 50

Hydrogen peroxide

Front 51

What does OER stand for?

Back 51

Oxygen enchancement ratio

Front 52

In what situation does OER help the most in? Low-LET, High-LET?

Back 52

Low-LET

Front 53

What is D sub q called?

Back 53

Threshold dose

Front 54

What is D sub q?

Back 54

The measure of the width of the shoulder of the multi-target single hit model and is related to the capacity of the cell to recover from sublethal damage

Front 55

What does a large D sub q mean?

Back 55

The cell can recover readily from sublethal radiation damage

Front 56

D sub o and D sub q both apply to what single hit model?

Back 56

Multi target

Front 57

D sub 37 applies to what single hit model?

Back 57

Single target

Front 58

What is the target theory ?

Back 58

N?a

Front 59

What are the 3 chromosome aberration?

Back 59

N?a