Physical Sciences: Part 1

Front 1

• Location of protons and neutrons

Back 1

o Atomic nucleus

Front 2

• Location of electrons

Back 2

o Dispersed around the nucleus

Front 3

• The nucleus of an atom

Back 3

o Contains the protons and neutrons, is extremely dense, is a small portion of the volume of an atoms, but most of its mass

Front 4

• Elementary particles

Back 4

o Include protons, electrons, and neutrons

Front 5

• Atomic number (z)

Back 5

o The number of protons in an atom

Front 6

• Atomic mass

Back 6

o The sum of the element’s protons and neutrons

Front 7

• Isotopes

Back 7

o Created when the number of neutrons in a single type of atom varies

Front 8

• Number of neutrons in an atom =

Back 8

o Mass number (A) – atomic number (Z)

Front 9

• Nuclear reactions

Back 9

o When the number of protons and electrons is changed and new elements are formed

Front 10

• Radioactive elements

Back 10

o Elements that undergo nuclear reactions on their own because their nuclei are unstable; they emit radiation in the form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays

Front 11

• Two main kinds of nuclear reactions

Back 11

o Fission and fusion

Front 12

• Nuclear fission reactions

Back 12

o The nucleus is split; massive amounts of energy are released

Front 13

• Nuclear fusion reactions

Back 13

o Two or more nuclei fuse together to form a single nucleus; this results in a decrease in mass and an emission of energy; the Sun is powered by nuclear fusion reactions

Front 14

• Types of elements

Back 14

o Metals, nonmetals, metalloids

Front 15

• Location of the types of elements on the periodic table

Back 15

o Metals: left and middle; most of them are metals
o Non-Metals: right side and top left (H)
o Metalloids: diagonal line in between the metals and nonmetals

Front 16

• Groups (period table)

Back 16

o The vertical columns, contain elements with similar properties

Front 17

• Periodic table from left to right

Back 17

o Decreases: atomic radius
o Increases: ionization energy and electronegativity

Front 18

• Periodic table top to bottom

Back 18

o Decreases: ionization energy, electronegativity
o Increases: atomic radius

Front 19

• Ionic compounds

Back 19

o Created when a metal and nonmetal react; have high melting and boiling points, can conduct electricity, brittle, and often soluble in water

Front 20

• Molecular compounds

Back 20

o Consist of two or more non-metals; low melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity, some can dissolve in water

Front 21

• Acid-base reaction

Back 21

o An acid containing an H+ ion and a base containing an OH- ion react to form water and salt

Front 22

• Combustion reaction

Back 22

o Oxygen and another compound react to form carbon dioxide and water

Front 23

• Molecules

Back 23

o Compounds that are formed when two or more atoms are joined by covalent bonds

Front 24

• Covalent bonds

Back 24

o Free electrons in outer shells are shared

Front 25

• Ionic bonds

Back 25

o Free electrons in outer shells are transferred

Front 26

• Water

Back 26

o Molecule held together by single covalent bonds

Front 27

• Conduction

Back 27

o Electrons vibrate in their fixed positions when one part of an object Is heated; electrons collide with ones found in the nearby atoms and thermal energy is transferred throughout the object being heated (example: a knife being heated by a flame at the tip of it)

Front 28

• Convection

Back 28

o Heated molecules become less dense and rise as a result; the denser, colder fluid then moves to the bottom, where it is heated and eventually rises too (example: boiling water)

Front 29

• Radiation

Back 29

o Thermal energy is transmitted through electromagnetic waves, such as ultraviolet waves and X-rays (example: sun rays)

Front 30

• Q = mc∆t

Back 30

o Q = the amount of heat energy the system lost or gained
o m = mass of the substance
o c = the specific heat capacity (the thermal energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius)
o ∆t = change in temperature of the system

Front 31

• Thermodynamics

Back 31

o The study of how thermal energy (heat) is changed into mechanical energy

Front 32

• The First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 32

o Energy is a thermodynamic system is always conserved – it cannot be created or destroyed

Front 33

• The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Back 33

o Thermal energy flows from warmer areas to cooler ones
o A heat engine cannot be 100% efficient
o The level of entropy (disorder) in an isolated system will increase over time

Front 34

• The Third Law of Thermodynamics

Back 34

o A system at absolute zero (degrees Kelvin) would have zero entropy

Front 35

• The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Back 35

o Two systems in an equilibrium with a third system are automatically also in equilibrium with each other

Front 36

• Plasma

Back 36

o An ionized form of gas found in outer space

Front 37

• Sublimation

Back 37

o When solids turn into gases

Front 38

• Liquids

Back 38

o Have a definite volume, cannot be compressed easily, small change in volume with heating

Front 39

• Gases

Back 39

o Volume and shape are indefinite, will expand to fill their containers, are easily compressed, substantial change in volume with heating

Front 40

• Classical mechanics

Back 40

o The science of bodies in motion

Front 41

• Speed

Back 41

o Speed = distance / time

Front 42

• Velocity

Back 42

o Indicates direction as well as speed