Physical Science Test 5

Front 1

What is entropy?

Back 1

Disorder

Entropy of the universe always increases as time goes on

Front 2

How does a refrigerator work?

Back 2

In a fridge, cold liquid goes into a compressor where one side is low pressure and the other side is high pressure. The liquid leaves the compressor at high pressure and is hotter, heats up turns to steam in a condenser. It does into the expansion valve, where it is under less pressure, so it cools off as it goes through the evaporator and starts the process again. Cool part is inside the fridge, warm part is on the outside of the fridge.

Front 3

Relation between heat and pressure

Back 3

Increase together and decrease together

Front 4

Evaporation is a ___________ process and condensation is a ____________ process

Back 4

Cooling

Heating

Front 5

What is the only reversible process found in nature? What is another, not so natural example

Back 5

Ice and water

A ball rolling back and forth

Front 6

When is the only time entropy doesn't increase? (But doesn't apply to the universe)

Back 6

Reversible process with ice and water

Front 7

Describe an irreversible process

Back 7

Can't be undone

Obvious which direction it's going in

Front 8

Are all life processes generally reversible or irreversible?

Back 8

Irreversible

Front 9

How are entropy and time related?

Back 9

Entropy and time arrow go the same way. Entropy increases as time goes on

Front 10

What happens to entropy in all irreversible processes?

Back 10

Entropy always increases

Front 11

What types of elements are used when forming ionic compounds?

Back 11

Metals + non-metals

Front 12

What kind of bonding interaction does an ionic compound form?

Back 12

Ionic bond (electron transfer)

Front 13

What type of conductors of electricity are ionic compounds (salts), and why do they conduct this way?

Back 13

Ionic conductors, meaning they conduct in water or melted. They conduct this way because they are network structures

Front 14

Why do ionic bonds form?

Back 14

Because alkaline metals (first 2 columns) are extremely reactive, want to lose electrons or be “adopted” And noble gasses (last 2 columns) have space and want to “adopt”

Front 15

What is the naming convention for ionic compounds?

Back 15

Metal-nonmetal-ide

Front 16

What types of atoms are used to form a covalent bond?

Back 16

Non-metals

Front 17

What type of electron configuration is used to form covalent bonds?

Back 17

No transfers of electrons, just share electrons in singles bond, double bonds, or triple bonds to make molecules

Front 18

What is the difference between a polar and non-polar molecule. Study their melting temperatures?

Back 18

Polar molecules: liquid, higher melting and boiling temp + - -

Non-polar: gas at room temperature, low melting and boiling temp, no charge (He, Ne, Ar, K, Xe, Rd, O2, H2, N2)

Front 19

Study Figure 23.7 (there are four different types of intermolecular forces what is the order from weakest to strongest)

Back 19

WEAK dispersion > dipole > hydrogen > covalent STRONG

Front 20

There are three major types of fats we studied. You should know the differences between the three fats. Study their melting temperatures and if they are healthy or unhealthy.

Back 20

-Saturated fats: triglyceride with 3 saturated fatty acid molecules, solid at room temp, unhealthy. (ex: shortening, animal fat/tallow, butter)

-Unsaturated fats: triglycerides with unsaturated fats, liquid at room temp, oils, health. (ex: oil/fat found in avocado, fish, olive oil)

-Trans fats: non-natural unsaturated fatty acid in which H atoms are on opposite sides of double bonds. Even worse than saturated fat.

Front 21

What is the difference between fusion, fission, and radioactive decay?

Back 21

Fusion: combining small nuclei to make larger nuclei *makes most energy?

Fission: splitting large atoms into smaller atoms. Nuclear bombs use this

Radioactive decay: spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus accompanied by emission of radiation

Back 22

Protons = atomic # (top left of element)

Neutrons = atomic mass # - atomic # (below element)

O atomic mass # (16) atomic # (8)

Protons = 8 Neutrons = 16-8 = 8

Fe mass # (56) atomic # (26)

Protons = 26 Neutrons = 56-26 = 30

U mass # (238) atomic # (92)

Protons = 92 Neutrons = 238 - 92 = 146

Front 23

What are the materials of the Earth’s mantle, crust and core?

Back 23

Crust: outer-most layer (like pizza!), made of granitic continental crust and basaltic oceanic crust. Least dense.

Mantle: middle layer, made of peridotite. Somewhat dense.

Core: deepest, center of earth, made of mostly iron. Most dense.

Front 24

How do we know about the different layers of the Earth?

Back 24

Seismic discontinuity, s-waves couldn’t penetrate all the way

Front 25

Compositional layers of the earth

Back 25

Crust: rock, mostly granite, usually silicates.

Mantle: highly viscous (liquid-y), peridotite, dense oxides

Core: mostly iron, super dense

Front 26

Mechanical layers of the earth

Back 26

Lithosphere: crust, rigid, brittle, includes tectonic plates

Asthenosphere: mantle, plastic, not brittle, liquid-y, low velocity zone, tectonic plates float on top of this layer

Mesosphere: mantle, solid, still plastic, not brittle, dense

Outer core: liquid, iron-Inner core: solid, iron

Front 27

T or F

Fats are liquid at roomtemperature and oils are solid at room temperature.

Back 27

False

Front 28

Which of the following are false?

Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

Saturated fats have straight chains.

Back 28

All of the above are true

Front 29

Which of the following silicate minerals have a sheet-likestructure on the microscopic and macroscopic scale?

Back 29

Mica

Front 30

Which of the following fats are the worst for your health?

Back 30

Trans fat

Front 31

If I wanted to get energy out of two atoms, lighter than iron,by smashing them together what kind of reaction would be best?

Back 31

Fusion

Front 32

T or F

Splitting atoms apart thatare less massive than iron is an effective way to produce energy.

Back 32

False

Front 33

T or F

Hydrogen has the leastmassive protons and neutrons of all the other atoms' protons and neutrons.

Back 33

False

Front 34

T or F

The Earth's core is madeout of peridotite

Back 34

True

Front 35

T or F

The lithosphere is plastic and the asthenosphere is solid

Back 35

False

Front 36

T or F

Theone evidence of the Earth's liquid outer core is the S-wave shadow zone

Back 36

True

Front 37

What is the difference between fats and oils?

Back 37

Fats – solid at room temp

Oils – liquids at room temp

Front 38

What does the word saturated mean with saturatedfats?

Back 38

Max number of H

Front 39

What keeps atoms together?

Back 39

Strong force

Front 40

What are characteristics of saturated fats?

Back 40

Straight

Max number of H

Bad for you

Solid atroom temp

Stronger bonds

Front 41

What are characteristics of unsaturated fats?

Back 41

Don’t stack

Bent

Liquid at room temp

Weakerbonds

Healthier for you

Front 42

Which type of fat is worst for your body?

Back 42

Trans (hydrogenated)

Front 43

What type of nuclear reaction merges two atomstogether to get energy out of the nucleus?

Back 43

Fusion (less nucleons than Fe or left of it ongraph)

Front 44

What type of nuclear reaction splits two atomsapart to get energy from the nucleus?

Back 44

Fission (more nucleons than Fe or right ongraph)

Front 45

What atom has the least massive protons andneutrons?

Back 45

Fe (iron)

Front 46

What are all the ways to get energy from thenucleus?

Back 46

Fission and fusion

Front 47

If I merge atoms together more massive thanIron, is it a good way to get energy out of the nucleus?

Back 47

No (less massive)

Front 48

Which of the following best describes an ionic bond?

Back 48

A transfer of electrons that causes a network of ions to be bonded together

Front 49

Which of the following best describes an ionic bond?

Back 49

A bond between a metal and a non metal

Front 50

T or F

Some salts have impurities (transition metals) that cause the salts to have different colors.

Back 50

True

Front 51

Which of the following statements is true?

Evaporation and going from low-to-high pressure are cooling processes. Condensation and going from high-to-low pressure are heating processes.

Evaporation and going from high-to-low pressure are cooling processes. Condensation and going from low-to-high pressure are heating processes.

Evaporation and condensation are heating processes. Going from high-to-low pressure and low-to-high pressure are cooling processes.

Evaporation and condensation are cooling processes. Going from high-to-low pressure and low-to-high pressure are heating processes.

Back 51

Evaporation and going from high-to-low pressure are cooling processes. Condensation and going from low-to-high pressure are heating processes.

Front 52

T or F

There are interactions found in nature that can lower the entropy of the universe

Back 52

False

Front 53

T or F

The quantity of energy of a system that uses energy always remains constant, but the quality of the energy always decreases.

Back 53

True

Front 54

Which of the following types of bonds forms individual molecules?

Covalent Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Metallic Bonds

Back 54

All of the above

Front 55

If I gave you two molecules that were about the same size, and one was polar and the other was non-polar, which molecule would have the higher melting temperature?

Back 55

Polar

Front 56

Which of the following molecules is non-polar?

Helium

Hydrogen (H2)

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Back 56

All of the above are non-polar.

Front 57

T or F

When naming a salt or ionic compound the non-metal name is given first, leaving it unchanged, and the name of the metal is then given, but modified by replacing the last syllable of the metal name with the suffix "ide."

Back 57

False