Physical Geology Test #4 Study Guide

Front 1

How much would the sealevel rise if icesheets were to defrost?

Back 1

300 ft rise

Front 2

What coral is extinct?

Back 2

tabulate and rugose
today corals: scallarett tennan

Front 3

What are fingerlike projections?

Back 3

spits

Front 4

What category is a storm surge that is greater than 18 feet?

Back 4

Category 5

Front 5

What are the different types of coral reefs?

Back 5

fringing, barrier reef, atoll and pinnacle

Front 6

Which hurricane prompted the creation of the Sapphir-Simpson Scale?

Back 6

Hurricane Camille

Front 7

Which sandunes point upward?

Back 7

Parabolic

Front 8

A drainage basin where rain and snow melt into common body of water

Back 8

watershed

Front 9

Each watershed basin is separated topographically

Back 9

Watershed Divide

Front 10

Waterway transmits water through landscape from higher area

Back 10

River

Front 11

Streams Shallowest Point

Back 11

Point Bar

Front 12

Bank where erosion is concentrated

Back 12

cutbank

Front 13

Flat land adjacent to Fluvial System

Back 13

Floodplain

Front 14

Curving of Sinuous Path

Back 14

Meandering streams

Front 15

Decrease in stream velocity, sediment is deposited on floor of channel

Back 15

Braided Stream

Front 16

U shaped water body

Back 16

Oxbow Lake

Front 17

Streatch of river or creek in which water depth is above average

Back 17

Pool

Front 18

Shallow stretch of river or stream where veolcity picks up

Back 18

Riffle

Front 19

Furthest upstream tributaries of a river

Back 19

headwaters

Front 20

Where it feeds into a river

Back 20

Mouth

Front 21

Mouth of river flows into a ocean sea estuary or lake

Back 21

Delta

Front 22

Geologic formation that is water bearing

Back 22

Aquifer

Front 23

Aquifer that is of primary economic importance to a region

Back 23

Primary Aquifer

Front 24

Aquifer not relied on as a primary source of drinking water

Back 24

Secondary Aquifer

Front 25

Aquifer separated from other aquifers and land surfaces by a confining rock layer

Back 25

Confined Aquifer

Front 26

Layer of geologic material which hampers the movement of water into and out of an aquifier

Back 26

Aquitard

Front 27

Aquifers that are not below a confining layer

Back 27

Unconfined Aquifer

Front 28

Allowers groundwater to partially fill the aquifer and allow upper surface of the groundwater called the water table to freely rise and fall based on recharge

Back 28

Unconfined Layer

Front 29

Top of a unconfined aquifer below which the pore spaces are generally saturated

Back 29

Water Table

Front 30

Aquifer where groundwater body is separated from the main froundwater below it by an impremeable layer

Back 30

Perched Aquifer

Front 31

Aquifer must have 4 characteristics to work:

Back 31

recharge, porosity, permeability and discharge

Front 32

Allows water to replenish an aquifers water recourses through groundwater percolation

Back 32

Recharge

Front 33

Water headed below root zone to go into a aquifer

Back 33

Percolation

Front 34

Ratio of volume of voids to the volume of aquifer material

Back 34

Porostiy

Front 35

Capacity of porous rock sediment or soil to transmit groundwater

Back 35

Permeability

Front 36

movement of groundwater from an aquifer to the Earth's surface into a surface water body

Back 36

Discharge

Front 37

Water Flows laterally

Back 37

Springs

Front 38

oozed from the ground to the surface

Back 38

Seeps

Front 39

Openings made by digging or drilling down into the zone of saturation

Back 39

Wells

Front 40

A wells whose source of water comes from a confined well

Back 40

Artesian Well

Front 41

Zone of aquifer in which all pores are filled with water

Back 41

Saturated Zone

Front 42

Contains both water and air in pore spaces

Back 42

Unsaturated Zone

Front 43

Area where water is pulled from aquifer upward into unsaturated zone by capillary action

Back 43

Capillary Fringe

Front 44

-Tx S most extension of aquifer
-Partially covers 8 states
-Agriculture
-10 mya

Back 44

Ogallala Aquifer

Front 45

-Limestone
-Unique and most prolific artesian groundwater systems in the world

Back 45

Edwards Aquifer

Front 46

-Supplies groundwater for Waco area
-Stephenville recharge zone
-Dropped 400 ft since 70s

Back 46

Trinity Aquifer

Front 47

Underground drainage system
-Carbonic Acid
-forms caves and caverns

Back 47

Karst Topography

Front 48

-Depression or hole caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water
-Wink Sink: continues to grow today

Back 48

Sinkhole

Front 49

-Major Aquifer Systems
-Minor Aquifer Systems

Back 49

-9
-20

Front 50

Travertine, formed from slow dripping of groundwater

Back 50

Dripstone/Flowstone

Front 51

Hollow inside and water dripping through

Back 51

Soda Straw

Front 52

formed when water seeps along slanted cavern cieling

Back 52

Drapery

Front 53

Stone balls on floor of cavern

Back 53

Cave Pearls

Front 54

Clusters of Calcite Balls

Back 54

Popcorn

Front 55

Very long dripstones

Back 55

Totem Poles

Front 56

Similar to soda straw except curls and twist

Back 56

Helictites

Front 57

-100 mya
-Experienced uplift and karsting 25 mya

Back 57

Natural Bridge Caverns

Front 58

-Ordivician

Back 58

Longhorn Caverns

Front 59

Has alluvium containing valuable minerals

Back 59

Placer Deposits

Front 60

Rock on the sea floor formed layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core

Back 60

Polymetallic Nodule

Front 61

1.Pacific Ocean
2.Atlantic Ocean
3.Indian Ocean
4.Southern Ocean
5.Artic Ocean

Back 61

5 major world oceans from largest to smallest

Front 62

This ocean contains
Petroleum and gas fields, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, and precious stones

Back 62

Atlantic Ocean

Front 63

This ocean contains placer deposits/oil production/petroleum/heavy minerals

Back 63

Indian Ocean

Front 64

This ocean contains oil and gas fields/placer deposits

Back 64

Southern Ocean

Front 65

Petroleum and gas fields, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates

Back 65

Artic Ocean

Front 66

EEZ:
-200 nautical miles
-major geologic resources

Back 66

Exclusive Economic Zone

Front 67

Nearshore current incoming water flows parallel to the shore

Back 67

Longshore Current

Front 68

Narrow powerful curent of water running perpendicuar to beach, erodes beachfront

Back 68

Rip Current

Front 69

Backshore
Berm
Beachface
Foreshore

Back 69

Beach components

Front 70

Spits completely grow across water so they close off bay

Back 70

Baymouth bars

Front 71

Sand deposits form as waves bent around isaldn

Back 71

Tombolo

Front 72

-Long narrow island of sand deposits form short distance off shore
-South Padre Island

Back 72

Barrier Island

Front 73

-Ocean Salinity
-Freshwater Salinity
-Brackish Salinity

Back 73

-35 ppt
-less than 0.5 ppt
-0.5-17 ppt

Front 74

-Least Saline Sea
-Most Saline Sea

Back 74

Baltic
Red

Front 75

Rip Rap, Seawall, Jetty, Sand replenishment, Special Fencing

Back 75

These reduce coastal erosion

Front 76

Fossil evidenc eof prokaryotic life that remains alive today found in Shark Bay, Australia and Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas

Back 76

stomatolites

Front 77

-Several 100 km long and thick
-Spectacular Scenary

Back 77

Valley Glaciers

Front 78

-Flow outward in all direction
-Antartica and Greenland
-3000 m

Back 78

Continental Glaciers

Front 79

Kames,eskers and drumlins form from which type of glacier?

Back 79

Continental

Front 80

Rock that doesn't match local rock, runaway rock

Back 80

Glaccial Erratic

Front 81

Valleys scoured by glaciers that deepen and widen

Back 81

u-shaped valleys

Front 82

Cutt off ridges tha textend into preglacier valley

Back 82

truncated spurs

Front 83

floor at higher level than main valley, waterfalls

Back 83

hanging valleys

Front 84

steep walled embayments

Back 84

fiords

Front 85

bowl shaped

Back 85

cirques

Front 86

glaciers erode backwards and leave narrow ridge in between

Back 86

aretes

Front 87

steep walled peaks

Back 87

horns

Front 88

cirques contian these small lakes

Back 88

tarns

Front 89

pile rubble long ridge like accumulation

Back 89

end moraines

Front 90

glacier retreats and deposit sediment irregular rolling topography

Back 90

ground moraines

Front 91

retreated and begin to stabilize again

Back 91

recessional moraines

Front 92

deposited by pleistocene glacier

Back 92

terminal moraines

Front 93

valley glacier start melting

Back 93

lateral

Front 94

plucks off rock from downhill side

Back 94

roche moutonnee

Front 95

bedrock eroded by glacial ice leaves polished

Back 95

abrasion and glacial polish

Front 96

abrasion causes straight scratches

Back 96

striations and grooves

Front 97

glacial ice freezes in cracks

Back 97

plucking

Front 98

unstratified sediments deposited directly by glacial ice

Back 98

glacial till

Front 99

continental glaciers deposited till reshaped elongated hills

Back 99

Drumlins

Front 100

conical hills that contain stratified drift

Back 100

Kames

Front 101

Long sinous ridges of stratified drift meander and have tributaries

Back 101

Eskers

Front 102

melted water rich in sediments, braided streams

Back 102

outwash sediments

Front 103

Annual deposition in a lake

Back 103

varves

Front 104

rafted into lakes by ice block from a glacier

Back 104

dropstones

Front 105

-Grand Teton Glacier (wyoming)
-Mendenhall Glacier (alaska):5th largest icefield in the world

Back 105

Glaciers in N America

Front 106

-Variations solar input/increased volvanism reduced radiation
-Epoch name?

Back 106

-Little Ice Age
-Pleistocene

Front 107

Primary erosional force for desert environment

Back 107

water

Front 108

Isolated pillar

Back 108

butte

Front 109

broad flat topped erosion feature

Back 109

mesa

Front 110

tall thin rock,rise from bottom

Back 110

hoodoo

Front 111

island mountain

Back 111

inselberg

Front 112

-crescent shaped sand dune
-most mobile
-constant wind direction

Back 112

barchan dunes

Front 113

-long parallel to wind direction

Back 113

Longitudinal dunes

Front 114

-perpendicular to prevailing winds

Back 114

transverse dues

Front 115

-center blown out
-coastal area

Back 115

Parabolic Dune

Front 116

-Saudi Arabia
-pyramid hills
-variable wind direction
-do not migrate

Back 116

Star Dunes

Front 117

any region that recieves less than 10 in of rainfall a yr

Back 117

desert

Front 118

How much of earth's surface is covered with desert?

Back 118

20%

Front 119

Largest Desert in N America:
-Creosote (preserves RR tracks)

Back 119

Chihuahuan Desert

Front 120

Arid Region
Death Valley
Resources: sand/gravel,borax,potash,salt

Back 120

Mojave Desert

Front 121

Hottest
Palm Springs

Back 121

Sonoran Desert

Front 122

2nd largest desert in America
"cold desert"
Colorado Plateau

Back 122

Great Basin Desert

Front 123

20-40 mi wide
high air pressure
calm

Back 123

eye

Front 124

eye
eyewall
spiral band

Back 124

part of a hurricane

Front 125

most dangerous because heavy rain/tall clouds/strong winds

right of storm most dangerous

Back 125

eye wall

Front 126

found outward from center

Back 126

spiral band

Front 127

unorganized mass of thunderstorms

under 23 mph

Back 127

tropical disturbance

Front 128

organized circulation

23-39 mph

Back 128

tropical storm

Front 129

Over 74 mph
storm surge
force winds

Back 129

Hurricane

Front 130

74-95 mph
4-5 ft storm surge
coastal flooding, no maj damage

Back 130

Category 1 Hurricane: Minor

Front 131

96-110 mph
6-8 ft storm surge
damage vegetation,mobile homes,floodd

Back 131

Category 2 Hurricane: Moderate

Front 132

111-130 mph
9-12 ft storm surge
damage small houses,flood coast and terrain

Back 132

Category 3 Hurricane: Major

Front 133

131-155 mph
13-18 ft storm surge
damage roof, trees,maj erosion

Back 133

Category 4 Hurricane: Serious

Front 134

156+ mph
more than 18 ft storm surge
damage maj flooding,massive evacuation

Back 134

Category 5 Hurricane: Catastrophic

Front 135

In what year did male and female hurricanes names begin to be alternated

Back 135

1979

Front 136

How many names are retired?
Why are they retired?
how soon re-used?

Back 136

64
legal reasons
10

Front 137

2005 retired hurricane names

Back 137

katrina
rita
willma

Front 138

Category 5
190 mph winds
22-25 ft storm surge
develop Sapphir Simpson
aug 69

Back 138

Hurricane Camille

Front 139

category 5
160 mph winds
charleston,SC
sept 89

Back 139

Hurricane Hugo

Front 140

category 5
175 mph
s florida

Back 140

Hurricane Andrew

Front 141

tropical storm
5 days rain [37 in]
learned how to adress Katrina

Back 141

Tropical Storm Allison

Front 142

category 5
made landfall 8/29
6th strongest storm
3rd strongest landfall storm
175 mph wind
902 millibar

Back 142

Hurricane Katrina

Front 143

4th strongest storm
strongest tropical cyclone
180 mph wind
895 millibar
C5
9/24/04 landfall

Back 143

Hurricane Rita

Front 144

Strongest storm EVER
C5
October
180 mph
882 mb

Back 144

Hurricane Willma