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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the patient's need for self-determination
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autonomy
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the ethical principle that means "do good" for the patient
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beneficence
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the ethical principle that means "do no harm" to the patient
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nonmaleficence
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a theory that defines the appropriate use of resources as that which results in the greatest good for the greatest number
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utilitarianism
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a growth disorder associated with a pituitary tumor
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acromegaly
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without fever, denoting a pyrexia; having a normal body temperature 36/97-38/100.4
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afebrile
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a parameter used to provide guidance regarding the appropriateness of weight for height
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body mass index
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a sign defined by growth in an infant or child below the 3rd or 5th percentiles on a growth chart
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failure to thrive
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denoting or relating to fever (<100.4 or 38
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febrile
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an indicator of a newborn's maturity
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gestational age
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a measurement that should be obtained on each visit until a child reaches 2 years of age
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head circumference
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marked by an increase in blood pressure; denoting a person suffering from high blood pressure
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hypertensive
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a condition that results fromo excessive accumulation of CSF in the brain or ventricular system
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hydrocephalus
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characterized by low blood pressure or causing a reduction in bp
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hypotensive
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indicating a normal arterial blood pressure
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normotensive
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hypotension occuring when a person assumes an erect position; sbp decrease of at least 20 or dbp decrease of at least 10 with a reflex increase in hr within 3 mins of standing
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orthostatic hypotension
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variation in bp occuring in an artery during the cardiac cycle; difference between the sbp and dbp. a reading of 30-50 is normal
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pulse pressure
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respiratory rate (normal range)
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in adults 12-20 breaths per minute
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a bluish discoloration of the hands and feet may be present at birth and may persist for several days or longer if the newborn is kept in cool, ambient temperatures
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acrocyanosis
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hair loss
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alopecia
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shaped like a ring; used to describe a lesion that forms a ring around a clear center of normal skin
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annular
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thinning of the skin surface and loss of skin markings; skin transluscent and paper-like
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atrophy
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vesicle greater than 1cm
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bulla
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a diffuse, acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
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cellulitis
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a facial discoloration common during pregnancy; also called the mask of pregnancy
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chloasma
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referring to lesions that run together
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confluent
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dried serum, blood, or purulent exudates; slightly elevated; size varies; brown, red, black, tan, or straw-colored
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crust
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a marbled or mottled appearance to the skin of a newborn when exposed to decreased temperatures; occurs because newborn's immature vascular systems are unable to adapt to temperature changes
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cutis marmorata
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elevated, circumscribed, encapsulated lesion; in dermis or subcutaneous layer; filled with liquid or semi-solid material
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cyst
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referring to a lesion that follows a nerve or segment of the body
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dermatomal
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a contusion or a bruise
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ecchymosis
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loss of part of the epidermis; depressed, moist, glistening; follows rupture of a vesicle or bulla
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erosion
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loss of the epidermis; linear hollowed out, crusted area
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excoriation
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linear crack or break from the epidermis to the dermis; may be moist or dry
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fissure
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inflammation and infection of the hair follicle and surrounding dermis
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folliculitis
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a deep-seated infection of the pilosebaceous unit
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furuncle
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a skin coloration that occurs in some newborns in response to changes in position
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harlequin color change
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irregular-shaped, elevated, progressively enlarging scar; grows beyond the boundaries of the wound; caused by excessive collagen formation during healing
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keloid
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fine, silky hair of newborns
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lanugo
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rough, thickened epidermis secondary to persisten rubbing, itching, or skin irritation; often involves flexor surface of extremity
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lichenification
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a flat, circumscribed area that is a change in the color of the skin; less than 1cm in diameter
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macule
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areas of deep bluish-gray pigmentation most commonly on the sacral aspect of a newborn
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mongolian spots
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elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion; deeper in dermis than a papule; 1-2 cm in diameter
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nodule
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an elevated, firm, circumscribed area; less than 1 cm in diameter
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papule
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a flat, nonpalpable, irregular shaped macule greater than 1 cm in diameter
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patch
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tiny, flat purple or red spots on the skin surface, resulting from ninute hemorrhages within the dermal layer
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petechiae
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elevated, firm, and rough lesion with flat top surface greater than 1 cm in diameter
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plaque
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elevated, superficial lesion; similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid
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pustule
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heaped-up, keratinized cells; flaky skin; irregular; thick or thin; dry or oily; variation in size
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scale
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thin to thick fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin following injury or laceration to the dermis
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scar
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fine, irregular, red lines produced by capillary dilation
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telangiectasia
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elevated and solid lesion; may or may not be clearly demarkated; deeper in dermis; greater than 2 cm in diameter
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tumor
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elevated, circumscribed, superficial, not into dermis; filled with serous fluid; less than 1 cm in diameter
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vesicle
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elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid, transient, variable diameter
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wheal
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loss of epidermis and dermis; concave, varies in size
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ulcer
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reddish inflammation of the lip or lips and production of fissures that radiate from the angles of the mouth
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angular cheilosis
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absence of the sense of smell. It may be due to lesion of the olfactory nerve, obstruction of the nasal fosssae, or functional without any apparent causative lesion
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anosmia
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microbial destruction or necrosis of teeth
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caries
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the soft, brownish yellow, waxy secretion (modified sebum) of the ceruminous glands of the external auditory meatus
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cerumen
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inflammation and cracking of the lips
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cheilitis
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a mass of keratinizing squamous epithelium and cholesterol in the middle ear, usually caused by chronic otitis media, with squamous metaplasia or extension of squamous epithelium inward to line an expanding cystic cavity that may involve the mastoid and erode surrounding bone
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cholesteatoma
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bleeding from the nose
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epistaxis
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multiple small, white, epithelial inclusion cysts found in the midline of the palate in newborn infants
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epstein pearls
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ectopic sebaceous glands of the buccal mucosa appearing as small yellow-white raised lesions found on the inner surfaceand vermillion border of the lips
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fordyce spots
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small fold of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
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frenulum
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inflammation of the gingiva
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gingivitis
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small red spots with bluish-white centers on the buccal mucosa opposite the molar teeth, appearing in the prodromal stage of measles
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koplik's spots
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circumscribed, firmly attached, thick white patches on the tongue and other mucous membranes, often occuring as a precancerous growth. Often associated with pipe smoking and snuff
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leukoplakia
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area of the throat that is located between the mouth and nasopharynx
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oropharynx
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inflammation of the exernal auditory canal, usually due to bacterial or fungal infection; swimming, cerumen accumulation, foreign body, and trauma may all be predisposing factors
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otitis externa
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inflammation/infection of the middle ear, or tympanum
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otitis media
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deep infection in the space between the soft palate and tonsil
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peritonsilar abcess
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inflammation/infection of the mucous membrane and underlying parts of the pharynx
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pharyngitis
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the impariment of hearing due to aging
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presbycusis
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inflammation of the nasal mucosa
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rhinitis
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a thin watery discharge from the nose
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rhinorrhea
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an auditory sensation in the absence of sound heard in one or both ears, such as ringing, buzzing hissing or clicking
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tinnitus
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small, whitish uric acid crystals along the peripheral margins of the auricles in persons who may have gout
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tophi
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a bony protuberance on the lingual aspect of the lower jaw in the canine-premolar region
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torus mandibularis
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a bony protuberance in the midline of the hard palate
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torus palatinus
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the formation of dense connective tissue in the middle ear, often resulting in hearing loss when the ossicles are involved
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tympanosclerosis
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adjustment of the eye for various distances through modification of the lens curvature
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accommodation
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inequality of the diameter of the pupils; may be normal or congenital
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anisocoria
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a condition in which part or all of the crystalline lens of the eye is absent, usually because of surgical removal for the treatment of cataracts
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aphakia
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the watery transparent liquid containing trace of albumin and small amounts of salts produced by the iris, ciliary body, and cornea. It circulates through the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
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aqueous humor
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opaque white ring about corneal periphery, seen in many individuals older than 60 years of age. Due to deposit of lipids in the cornea or to hyaline degeneration. May indicate a lipid disorder, most commonly type II hyperlipidemia if present before the age of 40
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arcus senilis
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an abnormal condition in which the light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the retina because of an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens
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astigmatism
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opacity of the lens; most commonly resulting from denaturation of the lens protein caused by aging
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cataracts
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small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on the eye lids, formed by the distention of a meibomian gland with secretion
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chalazion
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the middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the retina and sclera. dark brown vascular coat of the eye between the sclera and retina, extending from ora serrata to optic nerve. consists of blood vesssels united by connective tissue containing pigmented cells and is made up of five layers
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choroid
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the thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye that joins the iris with the anterior portion of the choroid. consists of three zones: ciliary disk, ciliary crown, and ciliary muscle
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ciliary body
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the photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of a cone cell essential for sharp vision and color vision; cones are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with increasing numbers of rods toward the periphery of the retina
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cones
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the mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids
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conjunctiva
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inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infectious agents or by allergies; commonly called pinkeye
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conjunctivitis
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the clear, transparent anterior portion of the fibrous cout of the eye comprising about one sixth of its surface. It is the chief refractory structure of the eye
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cornea
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perception of spatial relationships; three dimensional perception. The visual ability to judge depth or distance
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depth perception
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a conditon characterized by dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates
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diabetic retinopathy (background)
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a condition characterized by development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous humor
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diabetic retinopathy (proliferative)
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refractive power of lens with focal distance of 1 meter, used as a unit of measurement in refraction
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diopter
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the condition in which a single object is percieved as two objects (double vision)
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diplopia
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small, hyaline, globular pathological growths formed on optic papilla or on Descemet's membrane
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drusen
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eversion (outward rolling) of an edge or margin; as the edge of the eyelid
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ectropion
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inversion (inward rolling) of an edge or margin; especially the margin of the lower eyelid
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entropion
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an increase in volume of the orbital content, causing a protrusion of the globes forwardl it may be bilateral or unilateral. most common cause of bilateral is Grave's disease, but when unilateral protrusion is noted a retro orbital tumor must be suspected
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exopthalmos
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an error of refraction in which, with accommodation completely relaxed, parallel rays come to focus behind the retina
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farsightedness
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a disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, producing increased cupping appearance of the optic nerve. an abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye resulting from obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor. produces defects in the visual field and may result in blindness
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glaucoma
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blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes
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hemianopia
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a suppurative inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid
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hordeolum
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another term for farsightedness
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hyperopia
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blood in the anterior chamber of the eye in front of the iris
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hyphema
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the colored contractile membrane suspended between the lens and cornea in the aqueous humor of the eye, separating the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball and perforated in the center by the pupil. by contraction and dilation it regulates the entrance of light
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iris
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inflammation of the iris
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iritis
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in the US, a person is usually considered legally blind when vision in the better eye, corrected by glasses is 20/200 or less, or in the case of a constricted field of vision: 20 degrees or less in the better eye
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legal blindness
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abnormal contraction of pupils
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miosis
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a condition resulting from a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are brought into focus in front of the retina
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myopia (nearsightedness)
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decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. seen in patients with impaired rod function; often associated with a deficiency of vitamin a
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night blindness
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involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes; the oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed
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nystagmus
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edema of the optic disc resulting in loss of definition of the disc margin; the cause often is increased intracranial pressure
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papilledema
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vision resulting from retinal stimulation beyond the macula
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peripheral vision
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a harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris that stops at the limbs
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pinguecula
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hyperopia and impaired near vision rom loss of lens elasticity, generally developing during middle age
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presbyopia
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a triangular (patch like) thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly to the outer surface of the cornea,usually from the nasal side, and may cover a portion of the cornea
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pterygium
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the drooping of one or both upper eyelids
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ptosis
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the tiny aperture in the margin of each eyelid that opens to the lacrimal duct
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punctum
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a response caused by light illuminating the retina
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red reflex
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the act of determining the nature and degree of the refracive errors in the eye and correction of them by lenses
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refraction
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the sensory network of the eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are transmitted through the optic nerve
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retina
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a chronic progressive disease, which may occur in childhood, characterized by degeneration of the retinal neuroepithelium
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retinitis pigmentosa
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an embryonic malignant glioma arising from the retina usually during the first two years of life. intitial diagnostic finding is usually a yellowish or white light reflex seen at the pupil
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retinoblastoma
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the photosensitive, outward-directed process of a rhodopsin-containing rod cell in the external granular layer of the retina; many millions of such rods, together with the cones, form the photoreceptive layer of rods and cones
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rods
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a tough white fibrosis tissue which covers the so called white of the eye. it extends from the optic nerve to the cornea
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sclera
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superficial and deep inflammation of the sclera
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scleritis
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a condition in which both eyes do not focus on the same object simultaneously, however either eye can focus independently
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strabismus
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inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid or the entire uvea
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uveitis
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a transparent jellylike substance that fills the cavity of the eyeball, enclosed by the hyaloid membrane; it is composed of a delicate network enclosing in its meshes a watery fluid
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vitreous body
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