Physical Anthropology Quiz 3 Nancy Garr

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Classification

Back 1

In biology, the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders, families, and genera, to show evolutionary relationships.

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Race

Back 2

Populations within a species that differ from other populations of the same species with regard to some aspects of the outwardly expressed phenotype. In humans, the populations identified through biological classification according to racial traits and associated with particular geographical locations.

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Mendelian or monogenic traits

Back 3

Traits that are influenced by alleles at only one locus

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Discrete distribution

Back 4

Mendelian or monogenic traits, coded for by one gene, fall into clearly defined separate categories. For example, each human has either type A, B, AB or O blood.

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Polygenic traits

Back 5

Traits that are influenced by genes at two or more loci.

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Continuous distribution

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Polygenic traits, coded for by two or more genes, show continuous variation, from one extreme to another. Traits are measured in units on a scale with even increments (feet and inches, for example), and every person falls somewhere on the continuum for that trait.

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Biological Determinism

Back 7

The inaccurate concept that various aspects of behavior, such as intelligence, values, or morals, are governed strictly by biological factors (genes) and associated with certain biological traits, such as skin color.

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Eugenics

Back 8

The philosophy of "race improvement" through the forced sterilization of members of some groups and increased reproduction among others; an overly simplified, often racist view that is now discredited.

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Cline

Back 9

A gradual change in the frequency genotypes and phenotypes from one geographical region to another.

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Acclimatization

Back 10

Physiological responses to changes in the environment that occur during an individual's lifetime. The capacity for acclimatization is under genetic control, and therefore subject to evolutionary factors (genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, natural selection)

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Adaptation

Back 11

Text-Functional response of organisms or populations to the environment. Result from evolutionary change (specifically, as a result of natural selection).

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Adaptation

Back 12

Two meanings- 1) The evolutionary process of adjustment to a particular environment and to changes in the environment. 2) The results of such adjustments

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Macroevolution

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Changes that occur only after many generations, such as the appearance of new species (speciation)

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Classification

Back 14

In biology, the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders, families, and genera, to show evolutionary relationships

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Analogy

Back 15

Similarities between organisms based strictly on common function, with no assumed common evolutionary descent.

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Homology

Back 16

Similarities between organism based on descent from a common ancestor.

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Ancestral homology

Back 17

Referring to traits inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor, and thus not diagnostic of groups (lineages) that diverged after the character first appeared.

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Derived homology

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Referring to characters that are modified from the ancestral condition, and thus are diagnostic of particular evolutionary lineages.

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Speciation

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The process by which a new species evolves from a prior species.

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Paleospecies

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Species defined from fossil evidence, often covering a long time span.

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Intraspecific

Back 21

Within a species; refers to variation seen within a species.

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Interspecific

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Between species; refers to variation beyond that seen within the same species to include additional aspects seen between two different species.

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Geological Time Scale

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The organization of earth history into eras, periods, and epochs; commonly used by geologists and paleoanthropologists.

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Continental drift

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The movement of continents on sliding plates of the earth's surface. As a result, the positions of large landmasses have shifted drastically during the earth's history

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Habitat

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Places where organisms live. Physical features of an organism's immediate environment. (Home address)

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Niche

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The role an organism plays in a community. How it interacts with the environment and other organisms; the way it makes a living. (Job or occupation)

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Adaptation

Back 27

Functional response of organisms or populations to the environment. Results from evolutionary change (specifically, as a result of natural selection).

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Adaptive radiation

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The relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches. The evolution, from a common ancestor, of a number of species in diverse niches and habitats.

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Gradualism

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The concept that evolutionary change accumulates gradually in evolving lineages.

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Punctuated equilibrium

Back 30

The concept that evolutionary change proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change.