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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
major specializations of M.D.
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psychiatrist
neurologist neuroscientist |
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major specializations of Ph.D.
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psychophysiologist
neuropsychologist neuroscientist |
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biological explanations of brain
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physiological
ontogenetic evolutionary functional |
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sex-linked genes
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genes located on sex chromosomes
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sex-limited genes
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genes present in both sexes, generally on autosomal chromosomes but active mainly in one sex.
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sources of variation
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recombination and mutation
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evolution: Lamackian evolution?
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if you exercise your arm muscles, your children will have bigger arms. but research shows that using or failing to use body structure does not affect offspring
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have humans stopped evolving?
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no, key to evolution is reproduction, not survival
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heritability and environment=
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behavior
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dualism
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belief that mind and body are different substances that exist independently
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monism
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belief that universe consists of only one kind of substance
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RNA
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single strand of 4 complementary bases. directs formation of proteins, different types
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human genome project
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identifies harmful conditions prior to expression. preventive measures
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uses of animals in research
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1. easier to address underlying mechanisms of bx.
2. process/function highlighted or exaggereated 3. shed light on human evolution 4. certain experiments unethical in humans 5. study animals for their own sake |
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ethics of research
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guidelines
governmental regulations risk/ benefit ratio |
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nerrvous system is composed of two kinds of cells:
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neurons and glia
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membrane
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bilipid layer
protein receptors embedded in membrane- transmembrane organization |
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cytoplasm
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contains mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, golgi bodies, lysosomes, microfilaments, microtubules, nucleus
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structure of neurons
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cell body, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, myelin sheath, terminal buttons
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types of neurons
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sensory (afferent) into structure
motor (efferent) away structure interneurons (smaller) |
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glia cell types
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oligodendroglia (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS) microglia astrocyte radial glia |
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glia cell functions
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support, nutritive, insulation, phagocytosis, myelination, guidewires for regrowth
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BBB structure
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endothelial cells tightly bunched, astrocytes
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BBB function
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protect brain from harmful substances
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BBB mechanisms of action
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small molecules pass freely but not large ones, fat soluble substances pass freely, active transport
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fuel for the brain
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oxygen, glucose, thiamine, ketones
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resting potential
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membrane potential
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nerve imulse
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action potential
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local potential
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graded potential or postsynaptic potential
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resting potential
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difference in voltage in a resting neuron
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sodium-potassium pump
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protein complex, repeatedly transports three soium ions out of cell while drawing two potassium out. requies energy
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depolarization
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decrease in membrane potential, decrease in negative value inside cell
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hyperpolarization
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increase in membrane potential, increase in negative value inside cell
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threshold
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stimulus intensity just sufficient to elicit a nerve impulse
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