Phyla: Lophophorata

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Lophophorata

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-The classification in which three taxa of aquatic coelomate bilaterians reside.
-IncludesPhoronida, Brachiopoda, and Bryozoa.
-Lophophorates are sessile suspension feeders enclosed in secreted exoskeleton, shell, or tube
-have up to 3 coelomic cavities

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Lophophore

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-crown of hollow, ciliated tentacles encircling the mouth which is used for feeding.
-"crest bearer"

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Mesocoel

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-also known as the lophophoral coelom
-is the first coelomic cavity in lophophorates and contains the lophophore

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Metacoel

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-the second, larger coelomic cavity which is posterior to the metastome
-trunk coelom
-commonly known as the trunk

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Epistome

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-a tiny anterodorsal lobe that may precede the metastome and overhang the mouth
-cavity within is thought to have been coelomic space
-homologous to the protostome in polychaetes

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Phoronida

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-Phyla of benthic wormlike lophophorates
-live in secreted chitinous tubes burred in sand or attatched to substrate in shallow water
-lack appendages or regional differentiation

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Brachiopoda

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-commonly known as "lamp shells"
-resembles a bivalve mollusk, its a suspension feeder, has a mantle, mantle cavity, and calcareous shell.
-unlike bivalves, the valves are dorsal and ventral, not left and right.

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Bryozoa

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-Benthic and mostly colonial lophophorates
-colonies are large but do not look like animals, are made up of many zooids.

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Funiculus

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-a strand of mesothelial tissue which funtions in nutrient transport
-heart, excretory organs, and specialized gas exchange surface not present

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Zooecium

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-the protective exoskeleton secreted by the epidermis of the metasome
-may be organic or mineral

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Ectocyst

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=zooecium=exoskeleton=cuticle
-the protective "house" for the zooid

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Endocyst

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-the living portion of the body wall including the epidermis, basement membrane, musles and mesothelium

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Cystid

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-the combination of Ectocyst and endocyst

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Polypide

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-the portion of the zooid that consists of the lophophore, introvert, gut, gonad, funiculus, specialized muscles, and splanchnic mesothelium.

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Autozooid

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-the feeding zooids of a colony

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Heterozooids

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-modified, nonfeeding zooids
-specialized to serve a variety of other functions
-typically havve a reduced or absent polypide, and consist of mostly cystid

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Kenozooid

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-heterozooids modified to serve as stolons, attachment discs, rootlike holdfasts, and defensive spines.

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Avicularium

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-one of two types of defensive heterozooids
-is usually smaller than an autozooid and its polypide is greatly reduced.
-operculum is modified to serve as a movable lower jaw
-may be sessile or stalked

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Vibraculum

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-one of two defensive heterzooids
-operculum has been modified to from a long moveable bristle with muscles that can move it in more than one direction
-in motile colonies, can be used for locomotion

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Interzooidal Pores

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-the way adjacent zooids of a colony are connected
-allows for interzooidal communication and transport

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Parietal Muscles

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-In Bryozoans with a flexible, chitinous zooecium these circular muscles contract to compress the body, increase coelomic pressure and protract the lophophore

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Parietal Muscels in Rigid Bryozoans

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-In rigid bryozoans there is a thin, flexible frontal membrane with parietal muscles attach
-when the muscle contracts the membrane bows inward, increasing coelomic pressure and protract the lophophore

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Ascus

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-it is the pressure regulating membrane that is internalized in the form of a sac in bryozoans with uncalcified frontal membrane (highly vulnerable)
which opens to the exterior via two tiny pores
-parietal muscles attached to the ascus, when contract, increase the volume of the sac, water is allowed to flow in, raising the pressure, and protracting the lophophore.

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Lophophore Retractor Muscles

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-bundles of individual muscle fibers that extend from the cystid to the lophophore or anterior gut
-when contracted, lophophore/introvert is retracted

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Brown Body

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-large risidual mass of necrotic cells containing accumulated wast products that remains lodged in the coelom as a conspicuous dark sphere
-bryozoans do not have nephridia
-while ammonia diffuses through the lophophore and across the body surface, uric acid and other waste is stored
-before brown body forms, some of the polypide components are phagocytosed and reused.

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Inter-tentacular organ

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-organ within the tentacles in which fertilization occurs

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Zygote Developement

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-deuterostomous, radial or bi-radial cleavage, holoblastic, equal or subequale, regulative
-forms coeloblastula

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Bi-radial Cleavage

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-a form of radial cleavage in which the early embryo is bilaterally, ratherally radially symmetrical.

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Cyphonautes Larvae

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-triangular, laterally compressed larva that is enclosed in a chitinous bivalve shell having right and left valves

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Coronate larva

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-crown shaped larva which gets nutrients from a yolky egg

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Actinotroch larva

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-characteristic, ciliiated free swimming larva

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Introvert

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-the anterior body segment of bryozoans in which the lophophore is found
-can be retracted in and protracted out

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Ancestrula

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-the first zooid to develop from the settled larva in a colony