Phyl 142 Exam 1

Front 1

How are the nervous and endocrine systems simliar?

Back 1

they both target organs and cells; they use the same chemicals; utilize negative feedback; regulate body

Front 2

How are the nervous and endocrine system not simliar?

Back 2

nervous: uses nerves; faster but duration is shorter endocrine: uses hormones; slower but duration is longer

Front 3

Glands of the endocrine

Back 3

Pineal (melatonin: sleeping) Posterior pituitary (ADH: promotes water loss to reduce blood volume and pressure and Oxytocin: labor contractions and milk ejactulation Parathyroid (Parathyroid hormone: increases Ca in blood) Pancreas (Insulin: dec glucose level Glucagon: increase glucose level Somatostatin: produces insulin and glucagon) Hypothalamus (produces regulatory hormones: TRH, CRH, GnRH: releasing hormone; Dopamine: blocks PRL; GHIH: GH inhibiting) Heart (Brain and atrial natriuretic peptide: promotes loss of water and sodium and aborsption of pottasium Thymus (maturation of t-lymphocytes) Testes (androgens: testosterone and inhibin) Thyroid (T3 and T4: regulates growth, devlopment, and nervous system maturation) Anterior pituitary gland (MSH: melanin; FSH: secretion of estrogen and follicle development; LH: secretion of estrogen ACTH: targets cells that produce glucocorticoids; TSH: releases T3 and T4; PRL: production of milk; GH: growth, protein synthesis, lipid motility, catabolism) Kidney (Renin: regulates blood pressure; EPO: new blood cells; Calcitriol: abosrbs phosphate and Ca) Adrenal Medualla (Epin and NorEpin) Cortex (aldosterone, cortisol, androge)

Front 4

What does CHRIST stand for?

Back 4

CNS, Hypothalamus (sleep, sex, thirst, hunger), Important gland (pineal), Stimulating hormone (My FLAT PiG POSA), Target organ

Front 5

Negative feedback?

Back 5

clotting of blood (platlets); labor contraction (oxytocin)

Front 6

Hormones transported from the ant by?

Back 6

hypophyseal

Front 7

Hormones transported from the post by?

Back 7

axoplasmic

Front 8

Hormones related to glucose?

Back 8

insulin (beta 1) and glucaon (alpha 1)

Front 9

Hormonse related to Ca?

Back 9

caltiriol and PTH (para)

Front 10

Hypothalamus hormones?

Back 10

releasing hormones

Front 11

TRH hormone?

Back 11

releasing

Front 12

CRH hormone?

Back 12

releasing

Front 13

GnRH hormone?

Back 13

releasing

Front 14

Dopamine hormone?

Back 14

blocks PRL

Front 15

GHIH hormone?

Back 15

inhibits GH

Front 16

What is the only output from the hypothalamus that has a neutral input?

Back 16

Adrenal medulla

Front 17

Pituiatry gland hormones?

Back 17

ADH (kidneys; releases water to decreases blood volume and pressure); Oxytocin (_____; labor contractions and ejactulation of milk); MSH (skin;melanin secretion); FSH (ovaries; promotes secretion of estrogen and testosterone and follicle devolpment); LH (ovaries; promotes secretion of estrogen and reduces ovulation); ACTH (___; production of glutocorticoids); TSH (thyroid; releases T3 and T4); PRL (breasts; production of milk); GH (____; growth, protein synthesis, lipid motility, catabolism)

Front 18

Anterior vs posterios pituitary gland?

Back 18

Anterior: gland; Posterior: nerve

Front 19

How are hormones transported from post to hypothalamus?

Back 19

axoplasmic/synaptic nerves

Front 20

How are hormones transported from ant to hypothalamus?

Back 20

hypophyesal/blood stream

Front 21

Pineal gland hormone?

Back 21

melatonin

Front 22

Another name for T3?

Back 22

triiodothyronine; DRUG: liothyroine/cytomel

Front 23

Another name for T4?

Back 23

thryoxine; DRUG: levothyroxine/synthroid

Front 24

Which is more abundant T3, T4?

Back 24

T4

Front 25

Which is more active T3, T4?

Back 25

T3

Front 26

How is iodide transported into the thyroid gland?

Back 26

blood stream (via protein carriers that actively transport ions into cytoplasm which difusses to T3 and T4 cells)

Front 27

What is the stimulus of the thyroid?

Back 27

Relase of TSH

Front 28

How is T3 made in the thyroid gland?

Back 28

it can circulate back

Front 29

How is T4 made in the thyroid gland?

Back 29

it can be turned off by TSH

Front 30

What are the steps to make T3 and T4?

Back 30

Iodine is absorbed from diet --> converts to Iodide and tyrosine --> thyroid hormones are made

Front 31

Thymus hormones?

Back 31

Thymosins

Front 32

Adrenal Medulla hormone?

Back 32

Epin and Norepin

Front 33

What neurotransmitters trigger the production of Adrenal Medualla hormone?

Back 33

ACh

Front 34

What are the adrenal cortex layer?

Back 34

Zona granerulesa Zona Fascinulata, Zona Reticularis

Front 35

What major hormones are produced from the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

Back 35

Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgen

Front 36

What hormone from the anterior pituitary triggers the cascade of events in the cortex?

Back 36

ACTH

Front 37

What happens when you block 21 hydroxylase and 11 hydroxylase?

Back 37

21 hydroxylase: too much testosterone and ; 11 hydroxylase: ________

Front 38

Pancreas endocrine functions?

Back 38

Insulin takes in glucose into the cell (decrease glucose level in blood) and Glucagon releases glucose into the blood (increase glucose level in blood)

Front 39

Pancreas exocrine functions?

Back 39

Secretes sweats (pancreatic fluid)

Front 40

Ovaries hormones and actions?

Back 40

Estrogen (female hormones), inhibin, progestin (menstueral cycle)

Front 41

Teste hormones and actions?

Back 41

Androgen (turns into estrogen when it enters into the blood); inhibin

Front 42

Drugs that we went over in class?

Back 42

Albuterol (dilates airway; beta 2 receptors); salmeterol; epi and primatene mist (opens up airway); terazosin (alpha 1 blocker); leveothryoxin/synthroid (T4); liiodothryoine/cytomel (cardiac toxic; T3; treats hypothyroid ); prednisone (cortisol-treats inflammation; side effects: cushings, weak by suprress of the immune system); Rhogam; Claratin, benadryl, allegar (block histamine, block allergic rection, block swelling)

Front 43

GH disease?

Back 43

too much before puberty: gigantism; too little before puberty: dwarfish; too much after puberty: acromegaly

Front 44

Cushings disease?

Back 44

too much cortisol, too little ADH

Front 45

Addisons' disease?

Back 45

too little cortisol, too much ADH

Front 46

Thryoid gland disease?

Back 46

Hypothyroid: too much thyroid hormones, cold, fat; Hyperthyroid: too litte thyroid hormones, hot, skinny

Front 47

Diabetes?

Back 47

Mellitus: Type 1 (pancreas broken) Type 2 (cells broken)

Front 48

Adrenal cortex disease?

Back 48

Congetinal adreanl hyperplasia (women get hariy and masculine due to deficiency in cortisol and adlosterone and overall production of androgen)

Front 49

What are the divisions and functions of ANS?

Back 49

SNS (sympathetic-fight or flight; increases heart rate and respiration; "shoot"; alertness) and PNS (parasympathetic; decreases heartrate increases GI; "hold in urine" stimulates visceral activity)

Front 50

What organs are affected by each division and how are they affected?

Back 50

SNS: heart rate goes up and GI goes down; PSN: heart rate goes down and GI goes up

Front 51

What are the neurotransmitters and the receptorrs associated with each division?

Back 51

Parasympathetic: ACh (n) Nicotinic and muscarinic (r); Sympathetic: ACh (n) Nicotinic (r);beta, epin, norepin

Front 52

What is the differnce between the pre and postganglionic fibers of the SNS and PNS of the ANS?

Back 52

SNS: pre-short, post-long;PNS: pre-long, post-short

Front 53

What is the adrenal medulla? Part of ANS or SNS?

Back 53

releases neurotransimitters into the bloodstream (epin and norepin); part of SNS

Front 54

SNS is also called?

Back 54

Sensory, Afferent, Dorsal, Thoracolumbar

Front 55

Effects of SNS on oragns and tissues?

Back 55

dilates pupil; ups heart rate and respiration; decreases GI; relaxes bladder; increase glucose release from liver

Front 56

What are pre ganglionic repcetors of SNS and what neurotransimtters affect them?

Back 56

ACh (n); nicotinic receptors

Front 57

What are the post ganglionic receptors and what are their functions in the SNS?

Back 57

Alpha 1 (excites and contracts; blood vessels; (+) Epi (-) -zosin; Alpha 2 (relax and dilate; blood vessels; (+) Epi (-) none; Beta 1 (excites and contracts; heart; (+) Epi- (-) -olol; Beta 2 (relax and dilate; lungs; (+) -olol (-) none; Beta 3 (excite and contract; fat cells; (+)Epi- (-)none

Front 58

PNS is also called?

Back 58

Motor; Efferent; ventral; craniosacral

Front 59

What are the preganglionic receptors and what neurotransmitters affect them in the PNS?

Back 59

ACh (n); nicotinic receptors

Front 60

What are the postganglionic receptors and what are functions in PNS?

Back 60

ACh (n); muscarinic receptors

Front 61

Eyes affected by SNS and PNS?

Back 61

SNS: dilates eyes; PNS: constricts

Front 62

Blood vessels affected by SNS and PNS?

Back 62

SNS: contracts; PNS: none

Front 63

Veins affected by SNS and PNS?

Back 63

SNS: constricts; PNS: none

Front 64

Heart affected by SNS and PNS?

Back 64

SNS: increase heart rate, more pressure PNS: decrease heart rate, less pressure

Front 65

Airways affected by SNS and PNS?

Back 65

SNS: dilates; PNS: constricts

Front 66

Sphincters affected by SNS and PNS?

Back 66

SNS: slower; PNS: faster

Front 67

Bladder affected by SNS and PNS?

Back 67

SNS: faster; PNS: slower

Front 68

Reproductive (male and female) affected by SNS and PNS?

Back 68

SNS: (m) ejaculation (f) contraction of pregnant (alpha 1); relaxation of non pregnant (beta 2); PNS: (m) erection (f) none

Front 69

What is the significance of the foremen ovale and fossa ovalis?

Back 69

Fetal: the foramen ovale connects the two aortas together but at birth it seals off and turns into the fossa ovalis

Front 70

What is the coronary sinus?

Back 70

A this wall (flap) that opens the right atrium

Front 71

What are the layers of the heart?

Back 71

Endo, Myo, Opicardium

Front 72

Where is the heart located?

Back 72

Posterior to the sternum; anterior to the chestwall

Front 73

What is the pericardium?

Back 73

lining of the pericardial cavity

Front 74

What are the chordae tendineae?

Back 74

connective tissues that is attached to the tricuspid

Front 75

What is the papillary muscle?

Back 75

conicle projections from the inner surface of the right ventricle

Front 76

Where are the chrodaea and tendineae?

Back 76

located in the right ventricle

Front 77

Whay are the left and right ventricles so different?

Back 77

left side pumps back to the body so its bigger and stronger whereas the right side pumps back to the lungs so its not as strong and thinner

Front 78

What are the chambers of the heart?

Back 78

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Front 79

What valves are found between the chambers?

Back 79

tricuspid (right) bicuspid (left)

Front 80

What valves are found between the ventricles and pulmonary trunk/artery?

Back 80

pulm. Semi lunar valve

Front 81

What valves are found between the ventricles and aorta?

Back 81

aortic semi lunar valve

Front 82

What is a murmur?

Back 82

when the artery does not close completely all the way

Front 83

What are the main arteries that supply the heart?

Back 83

right coronary, left coronary, poster descending, circumflex, left anterior descending

Front 84

What are the consequences if arteries become narrowed?

Back 84

reduced blood flow

Front 85

What are the major vessels that enter and leave the heart?

Back 85

Enter: vena cava (right); pulm. Vein (left) Exit: pulm. Artery (right); aorta (left)

Front 86

How are cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle different? Similar?

Back 86

Cardiac muscle: single nuclei, intercalated discs; Skeletal muscle: multinucleid; Similar: striated; function is to relax and constract

Front 87

What are pacemaker cells of the heart?

Back 87

SA nodes

Front 88

How are the action potentials different from myocardial cells?

Back 88

Myocardial: Na depolarizes; SA/AV node: Ca depolarize

Front 89

What is the ECG?

Back 89

Electrocardiogram

Front 90

What does ECG detect change in?

Back 90

atrial depolarization, ventricle depolarization, ventricle repolarization

Front 91

What does the P-wave in the ECG represent?

Back 91

atrial depolarization

Front 92

What does the QRS complex in the ECG present?

Back 92

ventricle depolarization

Front 93

What does the T-wave in the ECG represent?

Back 93

ventricle repolarization

Front 94

What does the ST segment represent?

Back 94

lack of O2; heart attack

Front 95

What does the PR internval represent?

Back 95

AV nodes function

Front 96

what is the first heart sound (S1) due to?

Back 96

AV valves closing

Front 97

What is the second heart sound (S2) due to?

Back 97

semilunar valves closing

Front 98

what is the normal electrical conduction pathway through the heart?

Back 98

SA node -> AV node -> Bundle of Hiss -> Bundle of branches -> Perjunke fibers

Front 99

What drugs would affect the SA node and AV node?

Back 99

Potassium, Calcium, Sodium blockers; -olol; Beta 1 (SNS); Muscarinic (PNS)

Front 100

What drugs would affect the other muscle fibers and nerves of the heart?

Back 100

Potassium, Ca, Na blockers; -olol; Epin; digoxin

Front 101

what happnes during the cardiac cycle?

Back 101

MAAM COCO: Mitrol closes, Atrial opens, Atrial closes, Mitrol opens

Front 102

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Back 102

CO = HR x SV

Front 103

How will increasing heart rate affect the cardiact ouput?

Back 103

increases

Front 104

How will increasing the stroke volume affect the cardiac output?

Back 104

increases

Front 105

How does the SNS affect Chronotropic, Dromotropic, and Inotropic?

Back 105

increases

Front 106

What is chronotropic?

Back 106

time keeping

Front 107

Where is chronotropic found?

Back 107

SA nodes

Front 108

What is the dromotropic?

Back 108

how fast you can send the message

Front 109

What is the inotropic?

Back 109

contractvitiy

Front 110

Where is the inotropic found?

Back 110

heart

Front 111

Where is the dromotropic found?

Back 111

AV node

Front 112

How does PNS affect the C,D,I?

Back 112

decreases

Front 113

What two structures allow blood to bypass the heart during fetal circulation?

Front 114

Excentric?

Back 114

outside the heart; PNS and SNS

Front 115

Fetal circulation to bypass the heart?

Back 115

foramen ovale

Front 116

Fetal ciruclation to bypass the lungs?

Back 116

ductus arterosus

Front 117

Fetal ciruclation to bypass the liver?

Back 117

ductus venesus

Front 118

What is congestive heart failure?

Back 118

too much fluid that backs up into the heart; not enough overlap

Front 119

Incentric?

Back 119

Pacemaker (SA nodes)

Front 120

Affects the heartrate (cardiac output)?

Back 120

Chronotropy and dromotropy

Front 121

Affects the stroke volume (cardiac output)?

Back 121

Inotropy

Front 122

Afterload effects?

Back 122

ESV

Front 123

Preload effects?

Back 123

EDV

Front 124

Afterload goes up?

Back 124

stroke volume goes down

Front 125

ESV is?

Back 125

left over blood in the heart

Front 126

EDV is?

Back 126

original amount that is started off in the heart

Front 127

Diffusion equation

Back 127

D is proportional to change in pressure x SA x sol / thickness x sq root of molecular weight

Front 128

Ohm's law?

Back 128

Q = change in pressure / resistance

Front 129

Ohm's law function (heart)?

Back 129

generate pressure to overcome resistance to drive flow

Front 130

Poiseuille's law?

Back 130

Q = change in pressure x PI x r^4 / 8nL

Front 131

What happens to flow (Q) when the radius is doubled (Poiseuille)?

Back 131

increases 16 x

Front 132

What happens to the flow (Q) when the radius decreases by half (Poiseuille)?

Back 132

decreases 1/16x

Front 133

What happens to flow (Q) when length of the tube increases (Poiseuille)?

Back 133

flow decreases

Front 134

What happnens to flow when the length of the tube decreases (Poiseuille)?

Back 134

flow increases

Front 135

What happens to flow when the pressure of the blood increases (poiseuille)?

Back 135

flow increases

Front 136

What is TPR?

Back 136

total peripheral resistance

Front 137

Resistance formula?

Back 137

R = 8nL/PI x r^4

Front 138

Cardiac outpout formula?

Back 138

CO = HR x SV

Front 139

Stroke volume formula?

Back 139

SV = EDV - ESV

Front 140

What happnes to stroke volume when EDV increases?

Back 140

SV increases

Front 141

What happnes to stroke volume when ESV increases?

Back 141

SV decreases

Front 142

What happens to stroke volume when ESV decreases?

Back 142

SV increases

Front 143

What happens to stroke volume when EDV decreases?

Back 143

SV decreaes

Front 144

What factors effect EDV and ESV?

Back 144

preload, afterload, contractility

Front 145

what is preload?

Back 145

the amount of blood that is there to begin

Front 146

what is afterload?

Back 146

the amount of blood left after blood is pumped out

Front 147

What is contractility?

Back 147

the force the heart needs to pump to blood out /during contraction

Front 148

MAP formula?

Back 148

Dp+1/3 (Sp-Dp); CO x TPR

Front 149

what happens to MAP when CO increases?

Back 149

MAP increases

Front 150

what happnes to MAP when TPR increases?

Back 150

MAP increases

Front 151

What happens to MAP when CO decreases?

Back 151

MAP decreaes

Front 152

What happens to MAP when TPR decreases?

Back 152

MAP decreases

Front 153

What is MAP if systolic pressure is 120 and diastyolic pressure is 80?

Back 153

93

Front 154

What is the most abundant blood cell?

Back 154

RBC

Front 155

What are the different WBC?

Back 155

Neutrophil, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophil, Basophils

Front 156

What are the % of the WBC?

Back 156

Neutrophil: 60, Lymphocyte: 30, Monocyte: 6, Eosinophil: 3, Basophil: 1

Front 157

What are platelets?

Back 157

not real blood cells but important when it comes to clotting blood cells; turns into megakaryocytes

Front 158

What is hemoglobin?

Back 158

cytoplasm is filled with it; able to transport oxygen and CO2

Front 159

What are granulocytes? Which cells?

Back 159

having distinct granules; Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil

Front 160

What agranulocytes? Which cells?

Back 160

no distinct granule; Lymphocyte, Monocytes

Front 161

What are the functions of blood cells?

Back 161

transport nutrients, regulate body, defend body

Front 162

What are surface antigens?

Back 162

what determines the blood type for the individual

Front 163

What are agglutinogens?

Back 163

same as surface antigens

Front 164

What are antibodies?

Back 164

cannot accept that type of blood

Front 165

What happens when two blood types are mixed?

Back 165

aggultination occurs

Front 166

What is aggulintation?

Back 166

clumping of red blood cells

Front 167

Which blood type is a universal donor?

Back 167

O type

Front 168

Which blood type is a universal receiver?

Back 168

AB type

Front 169

What is rhogram?

Back 169

given to the mother when giving birth so the blood (rh) doesn't mix and kills the baby

Front 170

What is rh system?

Back 170

if mother is rh- and baby is rh+ then at second birth, mother will have rh+ antibodies which could kill the baby (2nd born)

Front 171

Which WBC is the most abudnant cell?

Back 171

neutrophil

Front 172

What is basophil?

Back 172

releases histamines; inflammation

Front 173

What is eosinophil?

Back 173

allergy, parasites

Front 174

How long can blood cells live up to?

Back 174

120 days

Front 175

Where is the RBC stored?

Back 175

Spleen

Front 176

Where is the RBC made?

Back 176

bone marrow

Front 177

What is plasma?

Back 177

fluid

Front 178

What is chemotaxi?

Back 178

chemical messengers to call other RBC to come

Front 179

What are RBC also called?

Back 179

erythrocytes

Front 180

What are WBC also called?

Back 180

leukocytes

Front 181

What are platlets also called?

Back 181

thromobcytes

Front 182

What is most abundant protein in plasma?

Back 182

Albumin

Front 183

What is the fxn of neutrophil?

Back 183

phagocytes

Front 184

what is the fxn of Lymphocyte?

Back 184

defense against toxin

Front 185

what is the fxn of monocyte?

Back 185

phagocytes (become macrophages)

Front 186

what is anemia?

Back 186

low blood preassure/hemoglobin

Front 187

what is sickle cell anemia?

Back 187

mutation that affects amino acid sequence