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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Autotroph |
Organisms that are able to synthesize molecules from inorganic molecules (producer). Most are photosynthetic (organisms that use light energy to synthesize organic molecules). |
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Heterotroph |
Organisms that must take in preformed organic molecules (Consumers). Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers. |
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Herbivore |
Feed directly on plants |
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Omnivore |
Feed on plants and animals (BLT) |
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Decomposer |
break down organic matter and animal waste to release inorganic nutrients back to the environment for re-use. |
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Basic balanced equation for photosynthetic reaction? |
6CO2+6H2O --> C6H12O6+6O2 (--> light energy and chlorophyll.) |
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Photosynthesis |
"capturing light energy in the bonds of a glucose molecule." |
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Is photosynthesis a single or multi-step anabolic process? |
complex multi-step metabolic pathway. |
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Is the anablic process of photosynthesis divided into subpathways? |
2 sets of reactions/sub pathways. Light reactions and carbon reactions. |
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Sunlight in terms of wavelength. What forms have the shortest and longest? |
Shortest - gamma rays. Longest - radio waves. |
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What forms have the greatest and least energy? |
Gamma rays have the most energy. Radio waves have the last energy. |
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Photon |
radiant energy in terms of wavelength and energy content |
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Seven divisions of the electromagnetic spectrum (in sequence) |
Red (longest), orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet |
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Does visible light form a large or small part of the overall electromagnetic spectrum? |
Small part |
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What is visible light? |
Color |
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About how much of the solar energy striking earth's atmosphere actually reaches earth? |
42% |
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What blocks the rest of the solar energy from reaching earth? |
High energy- ozone layer Low energy- water vapor and carbon dioxide |
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About how much of the solar energy striking Earth's atmosphere is used for photosynthesis? |
1% |
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Function of photosynthetic pigments |
capture light energy to power the photosynthetic process |
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What is the most abundant of the photosynthetic pigments? |
Cholorphyll A |
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Chlorophyll B and caroteniods are referred to as _________ pigments |
accessory |
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What ranges of light are used by chlorophylls and carotenoids in photosynthesis? What range is not absorbed? |
Cholorphyll: Used - red/orange. Not used- blue/violet Caroteniods: Used - violet/blue/green. Not used- Red/yellow/orange |
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Why are leaves green? |
Due to chloroplasts and the color they reflect. |
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What colors are caroteniods and why? Function? |
Red, orange, yellow. and then pass energy to chlorophyll A |
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What is the primary photosynthetic organ of most plants? |
The leaf |
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Stomata and their function |
Tiny openings in the leaf allowing exchange of CO2 and O2 |
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Primary site of photosynthesis in the leaf? |
Mesophyll |
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Mesophyll |
middle layer of leaf where cells have many chloroplasts. |
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How many membranes surround a chloroplast? |
Double Membrane (2) |
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Grana (a granum) |
A stack of thylakiods |
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Thylakoids |
Flattened membrane bound sacs. |
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Stroma |
Large, fluid-filled, central space of the cholorplast. Where carbohydrates are produced. |
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What pigments are located in the membranes of the thylakoids |
Green (?) |
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What are the two major sets of reactions (sub-pathways) involved in photosynthesis and where do they occur? |
Light reactions - occur in thylakoid membranes Carbon reactions - occur in the stroma of the chloroplast |
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What is used in light reactions and what are the products? |
Captures energy of sunlight and converts it into chemical energy. Uses water and releases oxygen as a byproduct. |
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Sugar in light reaction pathway |
No sugar is made in this pathway |
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Where are the two photo-systems used in light reactions? |
Photo-system 2: adsorb solar energy to power its reactions. Photo-system 1: absorb solar energy to power its reactions. |
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What are the products of each photo-system in each light reaction? |
P2: ATP P1: NADPH |
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Does either photo-system in light reaction use an electron transport chain? (ETC) |
Photo-system 1 |
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What is NADPH |
High energy molecule that carries two high energy electrons. |
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In the photosynthetic process, where is NADPH made and used? |
Made in photo-system 1. Used by the carbon reactions (Calvin cycle) to produce carbohydrate. |
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What is used in, and what are the products of the Carbon Reactions (Calvin Cycle Reactions)? |
Uses: Carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH from light reactions to form sugar molecules, PGAL. |
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Carbon Reactions and Sugar |
Produces sugar |
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Where do carbon reactions take place? |
Stroma |
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What is the first (immediate) carbohydrate molecule produced by photosynthesis? |
PGAL, 3-carbon molecule |
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How many carbons does the first Carb. Molecule produced by photosynthesis have? |
3 |
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Identify two six-carbon monosaccharides |
Glucose and fructose |
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Identify a disaccharide |
Sucrose (fructose + glucose) |
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Identify two polysaccharides |
Starch and cellulose |
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Can plants make fats/oils and amino acids? |
Yes |
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What molecule produced by photosynthesis is used for producing fats, oils, and amino acids? |
PGAL |
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What is the mechanism of fixing CO2 in C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis? |
Calvin Cycle |
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C3 and C4 photosynthesis |
C3 is most common and C4 is least common |
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What is the location of the Calvin Cycle reactions in each? |
C3: Mesophyll cells C4: Bundle sheath cells CAM: Mesophyll cells |
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In what type of environmental conditions is each photosynthetic type generally found? |
C3: temperate climate C4: hot, dry climate CAM: arid regions; desert |
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What type of environmental conditions inhibits or harms the growth of C3 plants? |
Hot, dry conditions because it prevents gas exchange. Causes photoresporation which decreases enzyme efficiency and slows photosynthesis. |
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Examples of C3 plants |
wheat, rice, oats, peanuts, soybeans, Kentucky bluegrass, rye grass |
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Examples of C4 plants |
sugar cane, corn, Bermuda grass, crabgrass |
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Examples of CAM plants |
Pineapple, cactus, and other desert plants |