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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Language
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a rule governed symbolic communication system
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Levels language can be analyzed at
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Syntax (sentences)
Morphology (words) Phonology (sounds) |
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Phonetics
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the study of speech sounds
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Articulatory Phonetics
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how sounds are produced
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Acoustic Phonetics
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acoustic properties of speech sounds
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Clinical Phonetics
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analysis of disordered speech sounds
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Linguistic Phonetics
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different languages can be transcribed with the same system. Peter Ladefoged
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Reduction
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when speech sounds aren't clearly articulated
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Orthography
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Written symbols used to represent a language. Graphemes.
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Graphemes
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minimal written units, English uses alphabetic symbols
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Shallow Orthography
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Close corresspondence between orthography and pronunciation. Example is the spanish language
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Deep Orthography
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Unclear/inconsistent corresspondence between orthography and prounciation. Example is the English language
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Number of speech sounds or phonemes in english language
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about 40
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IPA
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Created by linguists for purpose of speech transcription.
Representation of sounds by symbols and has a 1:1 corresspondence between symbols and sounds |
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Morpheme
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smallest meaningful unit of language. May or may not be a whole word`
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Free Morpheme
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can stand alone as a word
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Bound morpheme
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cannot stand alone as a word
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Phoneme
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the smallest unit that can change the meaning of a word
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Phonemic Segmentation
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What are the individual phonemes in a word?
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Minimal Pairs/ Minimal set/ Minimal contrast
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different words formed by substituting one and only one phoneme for another
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Allophone
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variant forms of a phoneme that do not change the meaning of a word
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Notations of Allophones
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Square brackets ( matrix)
Binary distinctions |
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Phonology
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study of the sound system of a language
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Broad Transcription
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basic sounds, phonemic transcription /phonemes/
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Narrow Transcription
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More detailed description of sounds, phonetic transcription [allophones]
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Articulatory pHonetics
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description of how sounds are produced
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Anatomical structures involved in speech prodution
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Located in abdomen, chest, neck, and head
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Structures of the Respiratory System
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Nasal/Oral cavity
pharynx larynx trachea lungs |
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Respiration
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gas exchange between an organism and its environment
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Inspiration/ Inhalation
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taking air into the lungs through respiratory path. Ingressive airflow
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Expiration/ Exhalation
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releasing air from the lungs. Egressive air flow
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Structures of the phonatory (laryngeal) system
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Larynx
set of cartiledges and associated muscles Vocal Folds |
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Phonation
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Voicing resulted from vocal fold vibration and does not occur for voiceless sounds
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Vocal Folds
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pair of muscles attached at the front and open toward the back of the body
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Glottis
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space between the vocal folds
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The rate of vibration is realted to
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the pitch of the voice
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Fundamental Frequency
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the rate at which vocal folds vibrate
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Structures involved in the Articulatory System
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Vocal Tract (pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity)
mobile and immobile articulators |
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Articulation
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approach or contact of two speech organs
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Mobile Articulators
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Lips
Tongue Mandible Velum Uvula |
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Immobile Articulators
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Teeth
Alveolar Ridge Hard Palate |
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Lips
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Can be opened closed protruded or retracted.
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Sounds associated with the lips
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Labial
Bilabial Labiodental |
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Tongue
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The primary articulator supported by the mandible
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Mandible
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AKA tempro-mandibular joint (TMJ) the connection between temporal bone and the mandible
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Velum
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AKA the soft palate. Associated sounds are known as velar
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Uvula
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Soft, Fleshy structure that hangs at the posterior tip of the tongue
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Alveolar Ridge
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bony ridge behind the upper teeth
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Hard Palate
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bony roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge. Seperates the oral and nasal cavitites
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Velopharyngeal Port
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Open for nasal sounds and closed for oral sounds
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Shape and size of vocal tract are changed by
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1. raising or lowering the jaw
2. arching the tongue to various degrees 3. rounding or spreading the lips |
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Vowels are classified by:
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Tongue height
Tongue advancement Lip Rounding |
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Vowels
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speech sounds formed without significant constriction in the vocal tract
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Point Vowels
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Vowels at the extrema on the quadrilateral
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High Vowels
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Vowels with the tongue close to the palate
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Low Vowels
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Vowels with the tongue depressed in the mouth
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Tongue Advancement
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Refers to tongue placement along front/back dimensions
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Rhotacized
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sounds that carry /r/ quality
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Lip Rounding
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State of the lips during vowel production.
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Monophthongs
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vowels that have an unchanging quality throughout
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Diphthongs
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Articulation changes over time A combination of two vowels
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Onglide
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the initial vowel
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offglide
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the final vowel
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AE Phonemic Diphthongs
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monophthong cannot be substituted because the substitution changes the meaning
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AE Non-Phonemic Diphthongs
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Monophthong can be substituted without changing the word meaning
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Tenseness
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Refers to the degree of muscle activity involved, the length or duration of the vowel, and phonological patterning
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Tense
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greater degree of muscle activity. Can occur in open and closed syllables
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Lax
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Lesser degree of muscle activity and a shorter duration.
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Vowel Modification
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Monophthongization
Diphthongization Reduction Nasalization Rhotacization Derhotacization |
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Consonants
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Speech sounds in which airflow is stopped or restricted
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Consonants are described based on..
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Place
Voicing Manner |
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Manner of Articulation
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the type of constriction
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Stops
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produced with complete closure of the vocal tract. Airflow is stopped, pressure is built up behind the closure, then air is released
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Stop Bursts
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Audible release in a stop sound
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Aspiration
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No audible release burst in a stop
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Flap
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Modified/reduced version of a stop caused by rapid flapping motion of the tongue
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Glottal Stop
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Vocal folds are pressed together
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Fricatives
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Produced with constriction through which air escapes with a continuos noise.
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Obstruents
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Stops and fricatives are examples since it involves airstream obstruction
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Affricates
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Combination of stop closure plus a friction noise. Only occur in the palatal region in AE
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Nasals
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airflow passes primarily through the nasal cavity since the oral cavity is usually obstructed
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Approximants
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Constriction in the oral cavity and may be sustained
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