Phonetics 3325 B

Front 1

Abduct

Back 1

(Image to the left) - When the vocal folds come apart to open the glottis, in order to let air flow freely and easily in and out of the lungs and through the larynx during breathing.

Front 2

Acoustic Cue

Back 2

The cues differentiate speech sounds belonging to different phonetic categories. For example, one of the most studied cues in speech is voice onset time or VOT. VOT is a primary cue signaling the difference between voiced and voiceless plosives, such as "b" and "p".

Front 3

Acoustic Phonetics

Back 3

Acoustic phonetics is a subfield of phonetics which deals with acoustic aspects of speech sounds.

Front 4

Acoustic Vowel Quadrilateral

Back 4

Overall acoustic vowel space used in a vowel quadrangle.

Front 5

Adduct

Back 5

(Right) - When the vocal folds come together to close the glottis to trap air in the lungs or to vibrate to produce vocal sound. Think of aDDing the vocal folds together to remember this term.

Front 6

Aerodynamic-myoelastic model

Back 6

The myoelastic theory states that when the vocal cords are brought together and breath pressure is applied to them, the cords remain closed until the pressure beneath them—the subglottic pressure—is sufficient to push them apart, allowing air to escape and reducing the pressure enough for the muscle tension recoil to pull the folds back together again. Pressure builds up once again until the cords are pushed apart, and the whole cycle keeps repeating itself. The rate at which the cords open and close—the number of cycles per second—determines the pitch of the phonation.

Front 7

Ambisyllabic

Back 7

(of a single speech sound or cluster) shared phonetically by two contiguous syllables, as the single n -sound of any or the pl -cluster of grappling.

Front 8

Amplitude

Back 8

In the description of a sine wave, the maximum distance that a vibrating particle moves is called the amplitude of the wave. The greater the force which produces the movement of the particle, the greater the amplitude of its displacement, and the louder the resulting sound.

Front 9

Antiformant

Back 9

The articulation of nasal sounds creates antiresonances within the vocal tract. These antiresonances or antiformants are frequency regions in which the amplitudes of the source signal are attenuated because the nasal cavities absorb energy from the sound wave. The effects of these antiformants are more marked in nasal consonants than in nasal or nasalized vowels because consonants are articulated with a complete occlusion of the oral cavity.

Front 10

Aperioodic

Back 10

the vibration of an oral articulator like the tongue found in alveolar trills. Aperiodic sound sources are the turbulent noise of fricative consonants and the short-noise burst of plosive releases produced in the oral cavity.

Front 11

Arytnoid Cartilages

Back 11

(pronounced ah-RIHT-uh-noid) cartilages - These sit atop the back of the cricoid cartilage and hold the back end of the vocal folds. The arytenoid cartilages can rock, glide, and pivot, thus controlling the movement of the vocal folds.

Front 12

Aspiration

Back 12

articulation accompanied by an audible puff of breath, as in the h -sound of how, or of when (hwen), or in the release of initial stops, as in the k -sound of key.

Front 13

Audiogram

Back 13

a graph which showing absolute threshold for pure tones as a function of frequency.

Front 14

Bark Scale

Back 14

Bark and Mel scales used to measure frequency and pitch.

Front 15

Bernoulli Effect

Back 15

is an aerodynamic principle involved in vibration of the vocal folds.

Air pressure from the lungs opens the glottis during each vibration. The folds come together again during each vibration because of their inherent elasticity and the sudden pressure drop between the folds as the air streams through the open glottis.

Front 16

Breath Groups

Back 16

The syntactical pauses in sentences or spoken word.

Front 17

Breathy Voice/Phonation

Back 17

is normally regarded as a compound phonation type (voiceless+modal). Muscular tension is low, with minimal aDDuctive tension, weak medial compression and medium longitudinal tension of the vocal folds.

Vocal fold vibration is inefficient and, because of the incomplete closure of the glottis, a constant glottal leakage occurs which causes the production of audible friction noise. Air flows through the vocal folds at a high rate. The vibrations' frequency of is just below the value typical of the modal voice.

Front 18

Categorical Perception

Back 18

enables listeners to focus on distinctive acoustic features in speech. Example: the difference between the phonemes /d/ and /t/ in 'bead' and 'beat'

Front 19

Co-Articulation

Back 19

is the adjustment of a sound to its environment.
Example: in Dutch koel, kaal, kiel the phoneme /k/ is articulated each time differently, depending on the quality of the following vowel.

Front 20

Cochlea

Back 20

a spiral-shaped cavity forming a division of the internal ear in humans and in most other mammals.

Front 21

Contrastive Stress

Back 21

Giving an unusually strong stress to a syllable as to avoid ambiguity or possible confusion, which determines the meaning of the utterance.

Front 22

Creaky Voice/Phonation

Back 22

This is where there is double pulsing occurring in the vocal folds, and there is it very tense and every movement of the folds can be physically felt.

Front 23

Cue

Back 23

A phonemic cue is a prompt that contains phonemic information, and is given to facilitate word retrieval.

Front 24

Cue Redundancy

Back 24

Where more information is needed to distinguish phonetic events.

Front 25

Modal Phonation

Back 25

Front 26

Creaky Phonation

Back 26

Front 27

Breathy Phonation

Back 27

Front 28

Damping

Back 28

The reduction in amplitude of energy (intensity) of a vibrating system; sound waves get heard less and less through several obsticals.

Apartment 2B can hear Apartment 2A's operatic signing, but apartment 2C cannot hear apartment 2A's signing and nor can they hear apartment 2B's complaints because all sounds are 'dampened' but the walls.

Front 29

Decibel

Back 29

The measurement (dB) used to measure the intensity of a sound wave which is perceived as loudness.

Front 30

Diphthong

Back 30

An unsegmentable, gliding speech sound varying continuously in phonetic quality but held to be a single sound or phoneme and identified by its apparent beginning and ending sound, as the oi- sound of toy.

Front 31

Emphasis

Back 31

Primary type of suprasegmentals, new information versus old information

Front 32

Equal Loudness Contour

Back 32

.

Front 33

Falsetto Phonation

Back 33

Head voice, frequency of vibrations is higher than in modal voice.

Vocal folds are stretched longitudinally (relatively thin) and vibrating mass is smaller and a higher tone is generated. The aDDuction of the folds is high and is tense.

Front 34

Filter

Back 34

Sound is filtered through different objects and physical obstacles; think of a colander.

Front 35

Formant

Back 35

Specific frequencies associated with vowels that are used to distinguish vowels between each other, in a Spectogram

Front 36

Frequency

Back 36

# of cycles a sound wave completes.

Front 37

Fundemental Frequency (F0)

Back 37

The frequency of vibrations of the vocal folds.

Front 38

Gemination

Back 38

double consonant in two syllables; extra long consonants. (i.e. 'Nono' in Italian)

Front 39

Glottal Pulse

Back 39

Variances in voice quality affected by the manipulation of the folds of the vocal cords when speaking.

Mechanics: produced by a flap of tissue in the region of the vocal cords and the gap between them, which is jointly referred to as the glottis.

Collectively, all of these areas form the vocal tract. The frequency produced in the glottal pulse results from the vibration of the vocal cords resonating against the larynx.

This creates a buzz or hum that lends a distinctive quality to the voice of each individual.

Front 40

Glottal Stops

Back 40

A consonant formed by the audible release of the airstream after complete closure of the glottis.

Front 41

Harmonic

Back 41

All the other frequencies that are NOT the fundamental frequency (F0).

Front 42

Hearing Threshold

Back 42

The absolute threshold of hearing (ATH) is the minimum sound level of a pure tone that an average ear with normal hearing can hear with no other sound present. (Blue line)

Front 43

Threshold of Pain

Back 43

The threshold well above the hearing threshold where it becomes painful to hear. Important because may signal alarm or danger (i.e. fire alarms, car honking, etc.)

Front 44

Hertz (Hz)

Back 44

Unit used to measure frequency.

Front 45

Implosive

Back 45

Airstream is controlled by moving the glottis downward in addition to expelling air from the lungs. (e.g. ejective consonants)

Front 46

Infrasound

Back 46

Sound that is lower in frequency than 20 Hz (Hertz) or cycles per second, the "normal" limit of human hearing; also known as low-frequency-sound.

Front 47

Intonation

Back 47

Variation of spoken pitch that is not used to distinguish words

Front 48

Intonation Language

Back 48

The way in which the level of the voice changes in order to add meaning to what is being said.

Front 49

Jucture

Back 49

A suprasegmental phonemic cue, a means by which a listener can distinguish between two otherwise identical sequences of sounds that have different meanings.

means by which a listener can distinguish between two otherwise identical sequences of sound that have different meanings.

examples: "an aim" vs. "a name" or "that stuff" vs. "that's tough"

Front 50

Larynx

Back 50

The voice box. The vocal folds are part of the larynx. The vocal folds vibrate to create the sound of the voice.

Anatomy of the Larynx: (top-down) Cricoid, thyroid cartillage, arytenoid, vocal folds, glottis, epiglottis, and hyoid bone.

Front 51

Length

Back 51

Is a matter of duration time not quality.

Front 52

Levels of Stress

Back 52

Primary (é) , Secondary (à) , Tertiary (ô) , and weak (no symbol).

Front 53

Lexeme

Back 53

sometimes used in the same sense as lexical item, i.e. an expression that is not transparently derivable from more elementary expressions.

Examples: In addition to words (in particular lexemes in the sense of sets of word-forms), idioms such as kick the bucket are also lexemes in this sense.

Front 54

McGurk Effect

Back 54

effect is the effect experiences when a subject's perception of a speech sound is influenced by the sight of a different sound being produced. It is named after Harry McGurk who discovered it along with John MacDonald in 1976.

Front 55

Medium

Back 55

.

Front 56

Middle Ear

Back 56

.

Front 57

Modal Voice/Phonation

Back 57

The neutral mode of phonation is modal voiced phonation. In the normal case the vibration of the vocal folds is periodic with full closing of glottis, so no audible friction noises are produced when air flows through the glottis. All muscular adjustments are on a moderate level and the frequency of vibration, as well as loudness are in the lower to mid part of the range normally used in conversation. The modal phonation of a male speaker occcurs at an average of 120 Hz, while for a female speaker it is approx. 220 Hz.

Front 58

Narrow-band Spectogram

Back 58

.

Front 59

Nasal Formant

Back 59

anti-formant, resonant frequencies which occur in the nasal tract (nasalized vowels) 30Hz, N1, N2, N3...

Front 60

Octave

Back 60

Each doubling of the fundamental frequency is one octave. For the auditory organs, the difference between 100 and 200 Hz is equally large as that between 1000 and 2000 Hz, and therefore differences in fundamental frequency are often expressed in octaves.

Half a frequency is a double octave.

Front 61

*Odd-Quarter Wavelength

Back 61

The odd quarter wavelengths are part of the sound wave that have to match the length of the tube.

Front 62

Oscillation (of particles/molecules)

Back 62

to swing backward and forward like a pendulum, up and down movements of sound waves

Front 63

Pause

Back 63

pauses in speech,

Front 64

Phon Scale

Back 64

Phon and Sone scales are used to measure loudness, amplitude of sound :. force and energy

Front 65

Phonation

Back 65

.

Front 66

Phoneme Stress

Back 66

.

Front 67

Phrasal Stress

Back 67

.

Front 68

Pitch

Back 68

.

Front 69

Presbycusis, Presbyacusis

Back 69

Old age hearing loss

Front 70

Prevoicing

Back 70

+VOT

Front 71

Primary Stress

Back 71

.

Front 72

Prolongation

Back 72

extending

Front 73

Prominence

Back 73

umbrella term to indicate that a segment or a group of segments or a group of segments in made to stand out from others.

Front 74

Propagation

Back 74

.

Front 75

Prosodic

Back 75

prosodic domain: suprasegmental

Front 76

Prosody

Back 76

In phonetics, the use of pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm in speech to convey information about the structure and meaning of an utterance.

stress, intonation, rhythm

Front 77

Psychoacoustics

Back 77

.

Front 78

Rate

Back 78

casual: 12 segments per second
excited: 20 segments per second

Front 79

Reduced Vowel

Back 79

Shorter in duration and tends to have a less distinctive quality.

-> unstressed syllables the tongue movements tend to be more relaxed and not to arrive at the articulatory positions.

Front 80

Reduction

Back 80

vowels reduce to schwa.

Front 81

Resonance

Back 81

sound of vocal chords travelling through tubes and cul-de-sac resonators, and laterality.

Max oscillation for minimum output

Front 82

Rhythm

Back 82

the melody of speech

Front 83

Secondary Stress

Back 83

.

Front 84

Segmentation

Back 84

Process of any discrete unit that can identify either physically or auditorily in the stream of speech.

deviding into segments
bam bam
bam am

Front 85

Short Lag

Back 85

-VOT

Front 86

Sound (energy)

Back 86

.

Front 87

Sound Wave

Back 87

up and down

Front 88

Source Filter Theory

Back 88

Sound production by vocal tract can be understood by analogy to a wind or brass instrument; two fundamental processes need to be distinguished (sound generation or source, sound shaping or filtering)

Front 89

Spectogram

Back 89

.

Front 90

Spectographic Analysis

Back 90

.

Front 91

Speech Acoustics

Back 91

.

Front 92

Stress

Back 92

Primary type of suprasegmentals; not an accent; an accentuation of or a given prominence to one syllable of a polysyllabic word.

Front 93

Stress ( Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Unstressed)

Back 93

.

Front 94

Stress-timed/Syllable-timed

Back 94

Stress timed: English
Syllable timed: French

Front 95

Supraglottal

Back 95

.

Front 96

Suprasegmental

Back 96

.

Front 97

Treshold

Back 97

.

Front 98

Syllable Juncture

Back 98

.

Front 99

Threshold of Hearing

Back 99

.

Front 100

Threshold of Pain

Back 100

.

Front 101

Timing (Stress, Syllable, Rate, Pause)

Back 101

Primary type of suprasegmentals

Front 102

Tone; Tone Language

Back 102

Primary type of suprasegmentals

Front 103

Tone Sandhi

Back 103

Tone 2 will sound like tone 3 but not tone 1? Accross word boundaries.

Front 104

Transglottal Airflow

Back 104

.

Front 105

Transmission

Back 105

.

Front 106

Transmittal Quality

Back 106

Modification. Provides information that is relative to the perspective of the talker.

Front 107

Turbulent

Back 107

.

Front 108

Tympanic Membrane (ear drum)

Back 108

.

Front 109

Up-talk

Back 109

end all sentences w/ a question intonation.

Front 110

Visual Cues

Back 110

.

Front 111

Voice Onset Time (VOT)

Back 111

The interval between the release of a stop and the start of a following vowel.

English VOT: 50 - 60 ms for 'k', and slightly less for 'p' and 't'.

Front 112

Voice Quality

Back 112

creaky, breathy, modal

Front 113

Voice/Phonation

Back 113

.

Front 114

Voicing Lag

Back 114

.

Front 115

Voicing Lead

Back 115

.

Front 116

Wavelength

Back 116

.

Front 117

Weak Form

Back 117

.

Front 118

Whisper Phonation

Back 118

Whisper phonation (Fig.6) is characterized by a triangular opening of the cartilaginous glottis (the shape of an inverted Y). Adductive tension is very low and medial compression, as well as longitudinal tension, are moderately high.

Whisper sound quality is produced through turbulences generated by the friction of the air in and above the larynx with vocal folds not vibrating.

Front 119

Wide-band Spectogram

Back 119

.

Front 120

Heightened Supraglottal Air Pressure

Back 120

a momentarily heightened pressure of air coming from the lungs.

Front 121

Phonetic Prominence

Back 121

Playing a role in stress

Front 122

DIACRITICS

Back 122

ALL THE FOLLOWING CARDS WILL BE ON DIACRITICS!

Front 123

DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases

Syllabic

Back 123

n̩ ɹ̩

Front 124

DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases

Non- Syllabic

Back 124

e̯ ʊ̯

Front 125

DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases

(Pre)aspirated

Back 125

tʰ ʰt

Front 126

DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases

Nasal Release

Back 126

dⁿ

Front 127

DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases

Lateral Release

Back 127

dˡ ; d w/ superscript lowercase L

Front 128

DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases

No Audible Release

Back 128

t̚ (with top bar and small tail forward pointing down)

Front 129

DIACRITICS

Lowered

Back 129

e̞ β̞

Front 130

DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation

Voiceless or Slack Voice

Back 130

n̥ d̥(with subscript small unfilled circle in center of each)

Front 131

DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation

Modal Voice or Stiff Voice

Back 131

s̬ d̬(with subscript lower case 'v' symbol underneath each)

Front 132

DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation

Breathy Voice

Back 132

n̤ a̤(with two subscript dots side to side under each)

Front 133

DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation

Creaky Voice

Back 133

Front 134

DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation

Stident

Back 134

Front 135

DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation

Linguolabial

Back 135

Front 136

DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation

Dental

Back 136

Front 137

DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation

Apical

Back 137

Front 138

DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation

Laminal

Back 138

Front 139

DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation

Advanced

Back 139

Front 140

DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation

Retracted

Back 140

Front 141

DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation

Centralized

Back 141

Front 142

DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation

Raised

Back 142

Front 143

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Labialized

Back 143

Front 144

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Palatalized

Back 144

Front 145

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Velarized

Back 145

Front 146

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Pharyngealized

Back 146

Front 147

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Velarized or Pharyngealized

Back 147

Front 148

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Mid-Centralized

Back 148

Front 149

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

More rounded

Back 149

Front 150

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Less Rounded

Back 150

Front 151

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Nasalized

Back 151

Front 152

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Rhoticity

Back 152

Front 153

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Advanced Tongue Root

Back 153

Front 154

DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation

Retracted Tongue Root

Back 154

Front 155

Cricoid

Back 155

(rhymes with "thyroid") cartilage - As the top ring of the trachea, the cricoid cartilage is shaped like a signet ring, wider in the back than the front.

Front 156

Thyroid cartilage

Back 156

the thyroid cartilage fits over the cricoid cartilage, and is hinged so that it can slightly rock forward and downward. The thyroid cartilage comes to a point in the front; this point is termed the thyroid notch, but is commonly called the Adam's Apple. The vocal folds (also called vocal cords; refer to our explanation to clarify this terminology) attach at the inside of the thyroid notch.

Front 157

Vocal Folds (Vocal Cords)

Back 157

These remarkable structures provide a valve for the airway and also vibrate to produce the voice. The vocal folds are multilayered structures, consisting of a muscle covered by a mucosal covering.

Front 158

Glottis

Back 158

This is the space between the two vocal folds. When the vocal folds adduct, the glottis closes; when the vocal folds abduct, the glottis opens. The adjectives "glottal" and "glottic" are used to describe many aspects of vocal fold movement. The glottis opens and closes during vibration. Refer to the corresponding pictures.

Front 159

Epiglottis

Back 159

This soft cartilage serves as part of the protective swallowing mechanism. It folds backward over the glottis during a swallow so that food and water do not go into the lungs. It is not involved in normal voice production.

Front 160

Hyoid Bone

Back 160

(rhymes with "thyroid") - This horseshoe-shaped bone is positioned slightly above the thyroid cartilage and is the only bone in the body not connected to any other bone. The hyoid bone provides the attachment for many of the muscles of the tongue, jaw, and neck.