Phlebotomy Essentials Outline Chapters 5-6

Front 1

Skeletal System Functions

Back 1

1. Shape and support

2. Protects internal organs

3. Provides movement and leverage

4. Calcium storage

5. hematopoiesis: the production of blood cells, which normally occurs in the bone marrow.

Front 2

Skeletal System Structure

Back 2

1. Bones, joints, connective tissue
a. Flat bones
b. Irregular bones
c. Long bones
d. Short bones

Front 3

Flat Bones

Back 3

Rib bones and most skull (cranial) bones

Front 4

Irregular Bones

Back 4

Back bones (vertebrae) and some facial bones

Front 5

Long Bone

Back 5

Leg (femur, tibia, fibula), arm (humerus, radius, ulna), and hand bones
(metacarpals, phalanges)

Front 6

Short Bone

Back 6

Wrist (carpals) and ankle bones (tarsals)

Front 7

Skeletal System Disroders

Back 7

1. Arthritis
2. Bursitis
3. Gout
4. Osteomyelitis
5. Osteochondritis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Rickets
8. tumors

Front 8

Lab Tests

Back 8

1. Alkaline phosphatase
2. Calcium
3. CBC (Complete Blood Count)
4. ESR (Erytrhocyte Sedimentation Rate)
5. Phosphorus
6. Synovial fluid analysis
7. Uric acid
8. Vitamin D

Front 9

Muscular System Functions

Back 9

1. Movement
2. Maintain posture
3. Produce heat
4. Organ function
5. Blood circulation

Front 10

Muscular System Structures

Back 10

1. Muscles
a. Skeletal, striated voluntary
b. Visceral, nonstriated, involuntary, smooth
c. Cardiac, striated, involuntary control

Front 11

Muscular System Disorders

Back 11

1. Atrophy
2. Muscular dystrophy
3. Myalgia
4. Tendinitis

Front 12

Muscular System Lab Tests

Back 12

1. Autoimmune antibodies
2. Creatine phosphokinase (CK)
3. CK isoenyzmes
4. Lactic acid
5. Lactic dehydrogenase (LD)
6. Myoglobin

Front 13

Integumentary System Functions

Back 13

Protects body from bacterial invasion, dehydration, harmful rays of sun, regulates body temperature, eliminates waste (sweat), manufactures vitamin D

Front 14

Integumentary System Structures

Back 14

Skin, oil and sweat glands, hair, nails, and blood vessels, nerves, sensory organs within the skin

Front 15

Integumentary System: Layers of Skin

Back 15

1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous

Front 16

Integumentary System: Major Structures of Skin

Back 16

1. Hair follicles (keratin)
2. Nails (keratin)
3. Sebaceous glands (sebum)
4. Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
5. Arrector Pili

Front 17

Integumentary System: Disorders

Back 17

1. Acne
2. Cancer
3. Dermatitis
4. Fungal Infections
5. Herpes
6. Impetigo
7. Pediculosis
8. Psoriasis

Front 18

Integumentary System: Lab Tests

Back 18

1. Skin biopsy
2. fungal culture
3. microbiology culture
4. tissue culture

Front 19

Nervous System: Functions

Back 19

Controls activities of body systems by means of electrical impulses and chemical substances

Front 20

Nervous System: Structures

Back 20

Neuron, CNS, PNS

Front 21

Nervous System: Disroders

Back 21

Epilepsy, Encephalitis, Meningitis, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease

Front 22

Nervous System: Lab Tests

Back 22

CSF analysis, Cholinesterase, Dilantin

Front 23

Endocrine System: Functions

Back 23

1. Ductless glands that secrete hormones

2. Hormones regulate metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, personality, ability to react to stress, and resist disease

Front 24

Endocrine System: Structures

Back 24

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands (4)
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Islets of langerhans
Testes
ovaries

Front 25

Endocrine System: Pituitary Hormones and Functions (Brain)

Back 25

1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Stimulates adrenal glands

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Decreases urine production

3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Stimulates development of ova and sperm

4. Growth hormone (GH) Regulates growth

5. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Controls thyroid activity

Front 26

Endocrine System: Pituitary Disorders and Lab Tests

Back 26

Acromegaly (GH Test)
Dwarfism (GH Test)
Diabetes Insipidus (ADH Test)

Front 27

Endocrine System: Thyroid Hormones (Throat Near Larynx)

Back 27

1. Calcitonin Regulates calcium levels in blood

2. Triiodothyronine (T3) Increases metabolic rate

3. Thyroxine (T4) Increases metabolic rate

Front 28

Endocrine System: Thyroid Disorders

Back 28

1. Hypothyroidism
Congenital, Cretinism, Myxedema
2. Hyperthyroidism
Goiter, Graves disease

Front 29

Endocrine System: Thyroid Lab Tests

Back 29

1. Triiodothyronine (T3) Increases metabolic rate

2. Thyroxine (T4) Increases metabolic rate

3. TSH

Front 30

Endocrine System: Parathyroid (throat-behind thyroid)

Back 30

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Regulates calcium and phosphorus

Front 31

Endocrine System: Parathyroid Disorders

Back 31

Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
PTH

Front 32

Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands (Kidney)

Back 32

1. Epinephrine (adrenalin) Increases blood pressure, heart activity, metabolism, release of glucose

2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Increases blood pressure, heart activity, metabolism, release of glucose

3. Cortisol Suppresses inflammation

4. Aldosterone Regulates sodium and potassium

Front 33

Endocrine System: Adrenal Disorders

Back 33

1 Addison's disease
2. Aldosteronism
3. Cushing's Syndrome

Front 34

Endocrine System: Adrenal Lab Tests

Back 34

1. Aldosterone
2. Cortisol

Front 35

Endocrine System: Islets of Langerhans (Pancreas)

Back 35

1. Insulin: Regulates glucose levels
2. Glucagon: Regulates glucose levels

Front 36

Endocrine System: Pancreatic Disorders

Back 36

Diabetes Mellitus

Front 37

Endocrine System: Pancreatic Lab Tests

Back 37

1. Glucose
2. Glucose Tolerance Test
3. Insulin, Glucagon

Front 38

Digestive System: Functions

Back 38

Provides the means by which body takes in food, breaks it down into usable components

Front 39

Digestive System: Structures

Back 39

Mouth, pharynx, throat, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
(Lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder)

Front 40

Digestive System: Disroders

Back 40

Appendicitis
Cholecystitis
Colitis
Diverticulosis
Gastritis
Hepatitis
Pancreatitis
Peritonitis
Ulcer

Front 41

Digestive System: Tests

Back 41

Gastic analysis
Occult blood
Ova and parasites
Amylase, lipase
Ammonia, bilirubin
Cholesterol, triglycerides
Glucose, glucose tolerance test
CEA

Front 42

Digestive System: Tests

Back 42

Gastic analysis
Occult blood
Ova and parasites
Amylase, lipase
Ammonia, bilirubin
Cholesterol, triglycerides
Glucose, glucose tolerance test
CEA

Front 43

Reproductive System: Function

Back 43

Produces gametes, spermatozoa, ova

Front 44

Reproductive System: Structures

Back 44

Gonads

A. Female:
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva

B. Male:
testes, seminal vesicles, prostrate, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal ducts, urethra, penis, spermatic cords, scrotum

Front 45

Reproductive System: Disorders

Back 45

Cervical cancer
ovarian cancer
prostrate cancer
uterine cancer
infertility
STDs

Front 46

Reproductive System: Tests

Back 46

Acid phosphatase
PSA
testosterone
Estrogen
FSH
HCG
LH
pap smear
RPR

Front 47

Urinary System: Function

Back 47

Filters & eliminates waste products from blood (urine)

Front 48

Urinary System: Structures

Back 48

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

Front 49

Urinary System: Disorders

Back 49

Nephritis
Cystitis
Urinary Tract Infection
Kidney Stones
Uremia

Front 50

Urinary System: Lab Tests

Back 50

BUN
Creatinine
Electrolytes
Urinalysis
Osmolality

Front 51

Respiratory System: Function

Back 51

Deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide (Respiration)

Front 52

Respiratory System: Structures

Back 52

Nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
alveolar ducts
alveoli
surfactant

Front 53

Respiratory System: Disrorders

Back 53

Apnea
Asthma, Bronchitis,Cystic Fibrosis,Dyspnea,Emphysema,Hypoxia,IRDS,Pleurisy,Pneumonia, Pulmonary Edema, tuberculosis, RSV, Rhinitis, Tonsillitis, Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), Alkalosis, Acidosis

Front 54

Respiratory System: Lab Tests

Back 54

Arterial Blood Gases

Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2)

Sputum Culture

Acid Fast Bacillus culture/smear

Front 55

Circulatory System: Function

Back 55

Transportation route for oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and waste products to excretory organs, aids in coagulation process, assists in defending body against disease, and regulates body temperature

Front 56

Circulatory System: Structures

Back 56

Heart

Blood

Blood vessels

Lymph

Lymph vessels

Lymph nodes

Front 57

Circulatory System: Heart

Back 57

1. Pericardium: fluid-filled sac

2. Layers:

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

3. Chambers:

right atrium

right ventricle

left atrium

left ventricle

4. Blood vessels:

superior and inferior vena cava

pulmonary artery

aorta

5. Valves:

tricuspid

bicuspid

mitral

Front 58

Circulatory System: Heart

Back 58

6. Coronary Arteries: blood supply to heart (nutrients and oxygen)

7. Myocardial Ischemia: partial obstruction

8. Myocardial Infarction: complete obstruction (AMI) caused by plaque buildup Artherosclerosis

Front 59

Circulatory System: Heart

Back 59

9. Cardiac Cycle: one complete contraction and subsequent relaxation of heart

10. Systole: contracting phase

11. Diastole: relaxing phase

12. EKG, ECG: a procedure that records the cardiac cycle

Front 60

Circulatory System: Heart

Back 60

13. Heart rate: number of heartbeats per minute (72)

14. Cardiac output: volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute (5 liters)

15. Arrhythmia: irregular heart rate

16. Bradycardia: heart rate <60

17. Tachycardia: heart rate >100

18. Pulse rate: same as heart rate

Front 61

Circulatory System: Heart

Back 61

19. Blood pressure: a measure of the force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels

20. Sphygmomanometer: measures blood pressure systolic/diastolic (120/80

Front 62

Circulatory System: Heart Disorders

Back 62

Angina Pectoris
Aortic Stenosis
Bacterial Endocarditis
Congestive Heart Failure
MI
Pericarditis

Front 63

Circulatory System: Heart Lab Tests

Back 63

ABGs
AST
Cholesterol
CK
CKMB
LD
Troponi
Myoglobin
Digoxin

Front 64

Circulatory System: Vascular Functions

Back 64

circulates blood, pulmonary and systemic circulation

Front 65

Circulatory System: Vascular Structures

Back 65

arteries, veins, capillaries

Front 66

Circulatory System: Vascular Veins

Back 66

median cubital, cephalic, basilic

Front 67

Circulatory System: Vascular Arteris

Back 67

radial, brachial, femoral

Front 68

Circulatory System: Vascular Disorders

Back 68

Aneurysm, Atherosclerosis, Embolism, Phlebitis

Front 69

Circulatory System: Blood Serum

Back 69

no clotting factors

Front 70

Circulatory System: Blood Plasma

Back 70

contains clotting factors

Front 71

Circulatory System: Formed Elements of Blood Cells

Back 71

1. Erythrocytes: contain hemoglobin which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

2. Leukocytes: destroy pathogens, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

3. Thrombocytes: platelets, fragments of the megakaryocyte, involved in coagulation

Front 72

Circulatory System: Blood Lab Tests

Back 72

CBC

Front 73

Circulatory System: Hemostasis

Back 73

Hemostasis is the process by which the body stops the leakage of blood from the vascular system after injury

A.K.A.: Coagulation

Primary hemostasis:
1st stage: vasoconstriction: decreases flow of blood to injured area

2nd stage: platelet plug formation through adhesion and aggregation

Front 74

Circulatory System: Hemostasis

Back 74

Liver: most coag factors are produced in liver
Liver disease: decreased hemostasis

Front 75

Circulatory System: Hemostasis Disorders

Back 75

DIC
Hemophilia
Thrombocytopenia

Front 76

Circulatory System: Hemostasis Lab Tests

Back 76

PT, aPTT, FDP, D-dimer, Fibrinogen

Front 77

Circulatory System: Lymphatic System

Back 77

Returns tissue fluid to the blood stream, protects body by removing microorganisms, and impurities, processes lymphocytes, and delivers fats absorbed from the small intestine to the blood stream

Front 78

Circulatory System: Lymphatic Structures

Back 78

lymph fluid, lymphatic vessels, ducts, nodes

Front 79

Circulatory System: Lymphatic Disroders

Back 79

lymphadenopathy, lymphoma

Front 80

Circulatory System: Lymphatic Lab Tests

Back 80

CBC, Monospot, biopsy