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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)
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A test which analyses arterial blood for oxygen, carbon dioxide and bicarbonate content in addition to blood pH. Used to test te effectiveness of respiration.
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Aseptic
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The absence of microorganisms. By contrast, something just discourages the growth of microorganisms is antiseptic.
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Basillic Vein
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Large vein on the inner biceps. Often chosen for intravenous injections and blood drawing.
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Battery
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The basis of torn in this case is the unprivileged touching of one person by another. When a procedure is to be performed on a patient, the patient must give consent in full knowledge of the procedure and the risk it entails (informed consent). Intentional touching of a patient without out his or her consent.
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Bleeding Time
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A test done to ascertain platelet function. A small incision is made in the forearm, and then a special paper is applied to the wound and timed to see how long it takes the platelets for form a "plug" and stop bleeding. Aspirin will affect bleeding time results.
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Blood Clot
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The conversion of blood from a liquid form to solid through the process of coagulation. A thrombus is a clot which forms inside of a blood vessel. Is that clot moves inside the vessel it is referred to as an embolus (embolism).
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Bloodborne Infection
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An infection transmitted from blood to blood.
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Butterfly
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A small needle with two plastic wings attached which are squeezed together to form a tab that is used to manipulate the needle. A long 6-12" plastic tubing is attached which again offers better manipulation. This assembly is then attached to a syringe or Vacutainer holder for the purpose of drawing a blood sample.
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CDC
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Circulation
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The movement of fluid in a regular or circuitous course. Although the noun "circulation" does not neccessarily refer the circulation of the blood, for all practical purposes today it does. Heart failure is an example of a problem with the circulation.
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Citrate
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A compound that is an intermediate in the citric acid cylce (krebs cycle). Citrate chelates (binds) calcium ions, preventing blood clotting and, thus, is an effective anticoagulant.
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Coagulation Factors
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Group of plasma protein substance (Factor l-Xlll) contained in the plasma, which act together to bring about blood coagulation
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Complete Blood Count
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The number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets (per cubic millimeter) that are present in the patient's sample of blood is determined. Also included is the hematocrit (%), hemoglobin concentration (gm%) and the differential. Most common test done on the blood.
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Contamination
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The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound.
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Coumadin
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Trademark for the preperation of warfarin sodium.
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Cyanotic
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Bluish skin color due to lack of oxygen.
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Defamation of Character
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This consists of injury to another person's reputation, name, or character through spoken (slander) or written (libel) words.
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Diaphoretic
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Formation of profuse perspiration (sweat). A systom of syncope.
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Differential
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A count made on a stained blood smear of the proportion of the different leukocytes (WBC's) and expressed as a percentage. A differential is a normal part of a complete blood count (CBC),
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Ecchymosis
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The skin discoloration caused by a bruise (contusion).
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EDTA
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Ethylenediaminetetraacetate. A calcium chelating (binding) agent that is used as an anticoagulant for laboratory blood specimens.
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Electrolyte
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A substance that will acquire the capacity to conduct electricity when put into solution. Electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and phosphate. Informally called "lytes".
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Embolus
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A sudden blockage of a blood vessel by a blood clot or some other obstruction which has been transported through blood vessels and lodged at a site too small for passage. Examples of emboli are a detached blood clot, a clump of bacteria, or other foreign material, such as air. Contrast to thrombus.
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Fibrin
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The protein formed during normal blood clotting that is the essence of the clot.
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Fibrinogen
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The protein from which fibrin is formed/generated in normal blood clotting.
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Flash
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Relative to venipunture , the appearance of a small amount of blood in the neck of a syringe or the tubing of a butterfly. This is a sign that the vein has been properly accessed.
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Fomite
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An inanimate object the transports microorganisms.
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Formed Elements
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Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets.
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Gauge
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Needle diameter is measured by gauge; the large the needle diameter, the small the gauge. For example, a very large needle (16 ga.) may be used for hemodialysis, where a much small needle (23 ga.) would be used to draw blood for laboratory testing.
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Germicide
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An agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms.
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Good Samaritan Law
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This law deals with the redering of first aid by health care professionals at the scene of an accident or sudden injury. It encourages health care professionals to provide medical care within the scope of their training without fear of being sued for negligence.
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Glucose
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The sugar measured in blood and urine specimens to determine the presence or absence of diabetes. Glucose is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism and is the chief source of energy for all living organisms.
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Heparin
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An anticoagulant that acts to inhibit a number of coagulation factors, especially factor Xa. Heparin is formed in the liver.
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Hematocrit
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The ration of the total red blood cell volume to the total blood volume and expressed as a percentage.
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Hematoma
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A localized collection of blood within the tissue due to leakage from the wall of a blood vessel, producing a bluish discloration (ecchymosis) and pain.
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Hematuria
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Blood in the Urine.
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Hemoconcentration
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A decrease in the fluid content of the blood (plasma), resulting in an increase of concentration. This is determined by an increase in the hematocrit. Caused by a filtration of plasma into body tissue and often created by dehydration.
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Hemoglobin
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The oxygen carrying pigment of the red blood cells.
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Hemolyze
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The breaking of the red blood cells membrane releasing free hemoglobin into the circulating blood. In phlebotomy, this is usually the result of mechanical damage due to poor technique.
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Hyerglycemia
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Abnormally high blood sugar level.
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Hypoglycemia
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Abnormally low blood sugar level.
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Indirect Infection
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An infection transmitted through body fluids to blood.
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Informed Consent
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Giving the patient adequate information concerning the method, risk, and consequences to a specific procedure, it's risks, expected outcomes, and alternatives.
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Invasion of Privacy
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This is the release of medical records without the patient's knowledge and permission.
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Lipemic
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After blood is spun and seperated in a centrifuge the serum/plasma portion is milky in appearance. Hyperlipidema would cause the blood to be Lipemic.
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Lymphedema
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Lymphedema is a type of swelling which occurs in lympathic tissue when excess fluid collects in the arms or legs because the lymph nodes or vessels are blocked or removed. Regarding phlebotomy, this can be a major complication of mastectomies.
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Multi-Sample Adapter
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A device used with a butterfly and Vacutainer holder to allow for the withdrawal of multiple tubes of blood during a venipunture.
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Negligence
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This is the failure to excercise the standard of care that reasonable person would give under similar circumstances and someone suffers injury because of another's failure to live up to a required duty of care. The 4 elements are: 1-Duty: duty to care 2-Derelict: Breach of duty or care. 3-Direct cause: legally recognizable injury occurs as a result of the breach of duty of care. 4- Damage: wrongful activity must have caused the injury or harm that occured.
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Nosocomial
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Healthcare setting acquired infections.
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Oncology
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The study of treatment of Cancer.
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Oxyhemoglobin
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Hemoglobin that has been bound with oxygen in the lungs for the purpose of transport of oxygen to cells of the body. In the cells oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.
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Palpate
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To examine or feel by the hand.In relation to venipuncture, this technique is used to "feel" a vein which will tend to rebound when slight pressure is applied with the finger. The technique used to help determine the size, depth and direction of the phone.
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Pathogen
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Any Microorganisms that produce disease.
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Patient Confidentiality
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This is the key concept of HIPAA. All the patients have a right to privacy and all information should remain privileged. Discuss patient information only with the patient's physician or office personnel that need a certain information to do their job. Obtain a signed consent form to release medical information to the insurance company or otehr individual.
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Peripheral Blood
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Blood obtained from the circulation away from the heart, such as from the fingertip, heel pad, earlobe or from an antecubital vein.
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Petechiae
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These are tiny non-raised red spots that appear on the skin from rupturing of the capillaries due to the tourniquet being left on too long or too tight.
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Phlebitis
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Inflammation of a vein as a result of repeated venipuncture on that vein.
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Pipet
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A glass or transparent plastic tube used to accurately measure small amounts of liquid.
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Plasma
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The fluid portion of the blood in which the cellular components are suspended. Plasma is different from serum.
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Platelets
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Also know as a thrombocyte, this is a particulate component of the blood, approximately 2-4 microns in diameter and known for its involvement in blood coagulation. This structure, which has no nucleus or DNA, is formed by breaking off from the cytoplasm of the parent cell, known as megakaryocyte in the bone marrow. Under normal conditions, platelets will aggegrate at the the site of a beak in vascular integrity, forming the beginning stages of a clot. Normal platelet counts range from 150,000-450,000/cm (cubed).
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Point-of-care testing (POCT)
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Defined as diagnostic testing at or near the site of patient care. The driving notion behind POCT is to bring the test conveniently and immediately to the patient.This increases the liklihood that the patient will receive the results in a timely manner.
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Red Blood Cells (RBC's)
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One of the solid components of the blood which is normally a biconcave disc without a nucleus. This is the component of the blood that contains hemoglobin which is responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. A red cell count is performed as part of complete blood count and ranges from 4,500,000-5,000,000 RBC's per cubic millimeter.
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Sclerosis
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A hardening; especially from inflammation and certain disease states. Though sclerosis may occur in many areas of the body, the term is most often associated with blood vessels.
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Septicemia
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This is systemic infection associated with the presence of pathogenic organism introduced duing a venipuncture.
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Serum
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Referring to blood, the clear liquid portion of blood that seperates out after clotting has taken place. Since clotting has occured, serum is fibrinogen deficientl. Contrast to plasma.
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Trauma
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This is injury to underlying tissues caused by probing of the needle.
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Thrombophlebitis
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Inflammation fo a vein with formation of a clot.
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Thrombus
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This blood clot usually a consequence of insufficient pressure applied after the withdrawal of the needle.
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Tort
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Tort is a wrongful act that results in injury to one person by another.
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Tourniquit
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In regards to venipuncture, a constrictive band, placed over an extremity to distend veins for the purpose of blood aspiration or intravenous injections. Materials used may be rubber, latex or other synthetic elastic material. A blood pressure cuff may also be used.
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Universal precautions
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The name used to describe a prevention strategy in which all blood and potentially infectious materials are treated as if they are, in face, infectious, regardless of the perceived status of the cource individual. In other words, wheter or not you think the blood/body fluid is infrected with bloodborne pathogensm you treat it as if it is. The approach is used in all situations where exposure to blood or potentially infectious materials is possible. This also means that certain engineering and work practice controls shall always be utilized in situations where exposure may occur.
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Vacutainer
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Vacutainer is a federally and internationally registered trademark owned by BD (Becton, Dickinson,and Company) that is used in connection with a complete system of tubes, needles and needle holders, sharps collectors, and safety devices in blood collection. The Vacutainer evacuated tube, for example, automatically aspirates the correct amount of blood into a tube. it is used instead of syringe. Despite of the fact that BD owns Vacutainer trademark, the term has become so widely used to describe similar blood collection tubes and devices, that it has become a generially used term.
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Vacutainer Holder
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A cylindrical shaped holder that accepts a Vacutainer tube on one end and a Vacutainer needle on the other. The holder, tube and needle comprise the Vacutainer System,, used to draw mulitiple tubes of blood with one venipunture.
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Vacutainer System
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The combination of a Vacutainer holder needle and sample tube which allows or amore authomated method of drawing blood. When a multi-sample needle is used the system will allow for the aspiration of any number of sample tubes with only one venipuncture.
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Warfarin Sodium
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The sodium salt of warfarin, one of the synthetic coumarin anticoagulants Coumadin.
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White Cell Count
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The number of white blood cells (leukocytes) found in the peripheral blood and measured per cubic millimeter. See also complete blood count.
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Whole Body
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Blood from which one of the elements have been removed. It is usually referred to as that blood, collected from a donor and anticoagulated for the purpose of blood replenshment for a recipient.
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Patient Bill of Rights
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Under the patients bill of rights they always have the option to decline medical treatment and to know what tests are being performed on them. If they ask, you must tell them. You do not however, ever give them results as you are not medically qualified to do so.
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Negligence
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Failure to give proper care.
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OSHA
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OSHA requires that all health care personnel exposed to blood and other bodily fluids must receive a vaccinstion against Hepatites B.
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One of the most important (and easiest) practices used to prevent transmissions of bloodborne pathogens.
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Hand washing
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The vein that is most likely to be on the one you can palpate and draw blood from in an obese patient.
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Cephalic
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How can Hematoma be prevented?
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By placing pressure on the venipuncture site until the bleeding stops.
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If a patient is fainting, what is the first thing to do.
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Get the needle of the arm.
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How much does the average person weighing 155 pounds has how many liters of blood in their system.
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5-6 liters of blood.
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What is blood made up of?
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55% Plasma, a clear pale yellow fluid, which carries nutrients, lipids, glucose, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, antibodies, as well as vitamins and hormones etc. The other 45 % is RBC's, WBC's and Platelets which are known as the formed cellular elements.
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What are the formed elements in the circulatory system that constitute the remaining 45% of the blood?
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Erythrocytes (red blood cells), which compromise 99% of the formed elements, the leukocytes (white blood cells) and the thrombocytes (platelets). All blood cells normally orginate from stem cells in the bone marrow.
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Endocardium
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The endothelial inner layer lining of the heart.
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Only ___ has valves.
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Veins
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Erythrocytes
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Red blood cells or RBC's
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What is the normal life span of an RBC?
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120 days
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Neutrophils are Phagocytic cells, meaning...?
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They engulf and digest bacteria.
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What come first in an allergic reaction?
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Eosinophils come first in allergic reactions. Then, Basophils follow releasing histamine. During an allergic reaction, it would show an increased of Eosinophil count.
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What is the most common used vein?
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Median cubital vein
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The second vein of choice..is the ___?
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Cehalic vein. It is usually more difficult to locate and has a tendency to move, however, it is often the only vein that can be palpated in an obese patient.
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The vacuum draw of the evacuated tube....
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decreases with temperature.
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Multi draw means?
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More than one tube.
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A ___gauge is a large bore and __gauge is a small bore.
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16 large. 23 small.
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Why are smaller than __ are not used for drawing blood because they can cause ___.
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23. Hemolysis (The breaking , or Iycing, or Red Blood Cells.) These are called Hemolysed Red Blood Cells, or a Hemolyzed sample.
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Winged infusion sets.
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aka Butterfly needles.
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Tourniquets
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preven the venous outflow of blood from the arm causing the veins to bulge thereby making it easier to locate the veins.
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Gloves
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Must me worn when collecting blood specimen
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Fasting-test for glucose, cholestrol, and triglycerides.
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Requires the collection of blood while the patient is in a basal state, that is, the patient has fasted and refrained from strenuous exercise for 12 hours prior to the drawing;
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Edema
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the accumulation of fluid in the tissues.
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Sclerosed Veins
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In either case the vein feels stiff and hard like a cord.
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Quality Assurance
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a program that guarantees quality patient care by tracking the outcomes through scheduled audits in which areas of hospitals like at the appropriateness, applicability, and timeliness of patient care.
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Hemoconcentration
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The increase in portion of formed elements to plasma caused by the tourniquet being left on too long. (More than (2) minutes).
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Phlebitis
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Inflammation of a vein as a result of repeated venipuncture on that vein.
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Petechiae
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Tiny non raised red spots that appear on the skin from rupturing of the capillaries due to the tourniquet being left on too long or too tight.
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Latex sensitivy is ___.
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A type of physical hazard.
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The biggest mistake a Phlebotomist can do on a job.
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Indentify the patient. Check the patient's ID number or have him/her state his/her name.
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Tie the tourniquet ____ inches above the site where the site will be made.
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3-4 inches.
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concentric circles
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cleanse the area using a circular motion starting at the inside of the venipuncture site, these circles are called concentric circles. Which vein you choose should be based on the size and condition of the vein.
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The bevel faces ____. Insert the needle 15 -30 degrees.
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Upward.
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The proper way to dispose of a needle.
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Safety cap it, put into a sharps container immediately after withdrawing it from the arm.
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The diagnosis should not be written ____.
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on the patients blood tubes.
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If a specimen is collected from the wrong patient, ____.
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Immediately report the incident to your supervisor.
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Postprandial
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After a meal
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Two-Hour Postprandial Test
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used to evaluate diabetes mellitus.
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GTT
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a test done over a specific period of time on blood or urine.
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Blood culture
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Detects the presence of microorganisms in the patient's blood. The patient will usually have chills and fever of unknown origin (UFO), indicating the possible presence of pathogenic/infectious organisms in the blood (septicemia).
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Most common cause of contamination when drawing blood cultures.
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Improper skin preperation.
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Arterial Blood
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used to determine blood gas levels and blood PH. In some instances these samples are collected by a Nurse or Respiratory Therapist.
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PKU
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Test is done from newborn's heel or on urine.
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Capillary Tubes
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used to collect blood from a skin puncture. Excessively milking the finger during a skin puncture can result in Hemolysis and contamination of the specimen with tissue fluids. Warming the site will increase blood flow to the site.
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Capillary
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a microscopic blood vessel.
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Dermal punctures on infants less than 1 yr of age-medial and leter areas of the plantar surface of the foot.
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Determined by drawing imaginary lines medially extending from the middle of the great toes to the heel laterally from the middle of the fourth and fifth toes to the heel.
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Do not punture deeper than....
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2.00mm.
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Always wipe away the __.
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First drop of blood.
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Heel punctures for infants do not exceed _____.
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2.00mm.
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Vascular Phase- Injury of blood vessel ____.
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Caused it to constrict slowing the flow of blood.
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Light blue tube top.
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APTT and PTT
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What is the order of the draw?
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First-blood culture tubes vials; Second- sodium citrate tubes (e.g.blue tops); Third- serum tubes with or without clost activator or gel; (e.g., red tops); Fourth- heparin tubes (e.g. lavender tops); Fifth-EDTA tubes (e.g., lavendar tops); Sixth-potassium oxalate/sodium fluoride tupes (e.g., gray tops).
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Tubes with anticoagulants
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Lavendar, Green, Blue, Light Blue, Gray etc will produce plasma when separated in a centrifuge.
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Tubes with anticoagulants
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Red, Tiger Top aka Red/Gray will produce serum when seperated in a centrifuge
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What type is used for coagulation studies?
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Light Blue
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What tube is not used for coagulation studies?
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Lavendar Top Tube.
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CBC (Complete Blood Count) includes Hematocrit. This test is checked before a _____.
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Blood donation.
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ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate
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Lavendar top tube sickle cell screening.
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Light blue top contains...____
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The anticoagulant Sodium Citrate. This tube must be filled completely to avoid an incorrect ratio of additive to the blood. 9 Parts blood to 1 parts additive.
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Partial Thromboplatin time (PTT)
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Evaluates the instrinsic system of the coagulation cascade and monitors Heparin therapy.
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Sodium Flouride preserves glucose for ____.
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3 days.
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Thixotropic Gel
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a serum seperator which when centrifuged froms a barrier between the serum and the cells preventing contamination of the serum with cellular elements.
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Profile or Panel
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A group of test ordered as on unit
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Red top tube
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Also known as plain vacuum tube and contains no additive or anitcoagulant. Collected blood clots by normal coagulation process in 30 minutes.
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Pink Top Tube
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a tube used by Blood Banks for molecular and testing of viral loads. Contains Potassium EDTA
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Royal Blue
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Sodium heparin- for trace element (lead) and toxicology determinations
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For lead determination
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Brown Top
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Pregnancy Test
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HCG Quantitive
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Microorganisms that cause disease
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Pathogenic
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The primary test performed to detect and indentify microorganisms and to determine the most effective antibiotic therapy
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culture and sensitivity
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What tube will you need if a physicianhas ordered a plasma glucose
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You will need to try the sample in a grey top tube.
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If a physician orders a serum glucose, you will need to draw a _____.
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Plain red or tiger topped tube.
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The calibration technian will ensure that the centrifuge spins at the manufacturers recommended RPM, or Rations per minute using a ____.
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Tachometer
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What is the additive for the red top tube?
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None
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What is the additive for the Light Blue top tube?
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Sodium Citrate
Different Ratios |
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What is the additive for the Royal Blue top tube?
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Sodium Heparin
Na2 EDTA |
