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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Critical Thinking |
________ is carefully weighing arguments for and against a claim before judging if it is reasonable to accept the claim as true. |
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Logic |
________ is the study of methods to analyze arguments and to evaluate if they are good or bad |
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Argument |
Whenever an assertion is made and evidence is given to support the assertion, you have an ________. |
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Deductive; Inductive; |
The 2 main kinds of arguments are ________ arguments and ________ arguments. |
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Argument |
A(n) ________ is a set of statements where some of the statements, called premises, are intended to support another, called the conclusion. |
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Statement |
A(n) ________ is a declarative statement that is either true or false. |
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Deductive |
A(n) ________ argument is one in which the premises are intended to guarantee the conclusion. |
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Inductive |
A (n)________ argument is one in which the premises are intended to make the conclusion probable without guaranteeing it. |
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Valid |
A(n) ________ argument is one in which it is necessary that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. |
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Invalid |
A(n) ________ argument is one in which it is not necessary that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. |
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Sound |
A(n) ________ argument is one that is valid and has all true premises. |
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Unsound |
A(n) _________ argument is one that is either invalid or has at least one false premise. |
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Premise |
A(n) ________ is a statement intended to support the conclusion. |
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Conclusion |
A(n) ________ is a statement that is claimed to be true by using the premises. |
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Deductive |
The terms valid, invalid, sound, and unsound have to do with ________ reasoning. |
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Inductive |
The terms strong, weak, cogent, and uncogent have to do with ________ reasoning. |
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Strong |
As to inductive arguments: If the premises of an argument make it probable (>50%) that the conclusion is true, then it is ________. |
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Weak |
As to inductive arguments: If the premises of an argument do not make it probable (>50%) that the conclusion is true, then it is ________. |
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Cogent |
If an argument is strong and has all true premises, then it is considered ________. |
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Uncogent |
If an argument is weak or has at least one false premise, then it is considered ________. |
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Report |
A set of statements intended to provide information about a situation, topic, or event is called a(n) ________. |
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Illustration |
A statement together with an explanatory or clarifying example is called a(n) ________. |
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Explanation |
A set of statements that provides reason for the occurrence of some phenomenon is called a(n) ________. |
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Conditional |
An "If, Then" statement is called a(n) ________. |
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Substitution Instance |
A(n) ________, in terms of famous forms, is when you can alter the premises and conclusion of an argument without changing its form or its truth. |
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Antecedent; Consequent; |
Consider: "If A, Then B." The 'A' term is described as the ________, while the 'B' term is described as the ________. |
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Then |
When translating conditionals, in terms of stylistic variants, "only if" translates to "________". |
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Modus Ponens; Valid; |
Argument Forms: Validity: ________ |
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Affirming the Consequent; Invalid; |
Argument Forms: If A, then B. B. So, B. Name: ________ Validity: ________ |
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Modus Tollens; Valid; |
Argument Forms: If A, then B. Not B. So, Not A. Name: ________ Validity: ________ |
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Denying the Antecedent; Invalid; |
Argument Forms: If A, then B. Not A. So, Not B. Name: ________ Validity: ________ |
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Hypothetical Syllogism; Valid; |
Argument Forms: If A, then B. If B, then C. So, If A, then C. Name: ________ Validity: ________ |
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Disjunctive Syllogism; Valid; |
Argument Forms: Either A or B. Not A. So, B. Name: ________ Validity: ________ |
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Unnamed; Invalid; (Could be both) |
Argument Forms: Either A or B. A. So, Not B. Name: ________ Validity: ________ |
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Constructive Dilemma; Valid; |
Argument Forms: Either A or B. If A, then C. If B, then D. So, Either C or D. Name: ________ Validity: ________ |