Philosophy Test #1

Front 1

descriptive judgement

Back 1

*a claim trying to tell you what the world is like
*"Earth revolves around the sun"
*"God exists"

Front 2

normative/prescriptive judgement

Back 2

*an attempt to portray how something ought to be
*"We should not be in the Iraqi War"
*"People should have responded faster to the hurricane."

Front 3

intrinsically

Back 3

*something has this value as a necessary part of it
*if you take value away you don't have that thing any more
EX: Murder has a necessarily negative value.

Front 4

extrinsically

Back 4

*something gains value from the relationship/condition it arises in
EX from class: Evan saving child from murderer.

*Someone can gavin extrinsic value by how much they mean to someone.
*lie can become positive extrinsic value (to save someone life can trump negative intrinsic value)

Front 5

Normative Claims (6)

Back 5

1. Moral
-norms are moral
-you shouldn't murder
2. Legal
-speed limit is 45 mph
3. Social
-pressure from society
-appearance
4. Etiquette
-table manners
5. Prudential
-being wise; good judgements
-good education
6. Provincial
-type of social norm

Front 6

inductive argument

Back 6

the premises (evidence) make the conclusion probable, but not necessary

Front 7

parallel forms

Back 7

1. all arguments have a certain form of skeletal structure

2. if one form is invalid, then any argument that uses that form is invalid

Front 8

necessary cause

Back 8

1. if the cause is absent an effect cannot occur
EX: oxygen for fire

Front 9

sufficient cause

Back 9

1. if the cause is present the effect will occur
EX: poison for death

Front 10

informal fallacies - how many are there?

Back 10

1. 21 informal fallacies

2. errors related to the content or clarity of statements

Front 11

post hoc fallacy

Back 11

1. the incorrect assumption that b/c 2 events occur together or in a time sequence, one cause the other

EX: evelyn won the race
evelyn carried a rabbits foot
*If she wants to win again, she has to carry that rabbits foot.

Front 12

false dilemma

Back 12

1. black and white thinking
2. the assumption is improperly made that an issue has only 2 sides or that there are only 2 alternative choices in a situation

EX: If we keep using fossil fuels, we'll kill the environment. We must switch to nuclear fuel.

Front 13

argumentum ad ignorantiam

Back 13

1. what a person asserts is true b/c it cannot be proven otherwise

EX: You cannot prove that God does not exist. God must exist.

You cannot prove that the Loch Ness Monster does not exist. The Loch Ness Monster must exist.

Front 14

begging the question (circular argument)

Back 14

1. the argument is relies the very conclusion 1 is trying to prove

EX: Everyone should acquire knowledge. Learning is important.

Front 15

equivocation

Back 15

1. the assignment of 2 diff. meanings to an argument's key word

EX: Nothing is better than a 2008 bentley.
A 1992 Cavalier is better than nothing.
A 1992 Cavalier is better than a 2008 Bentley

Front 16

false appeal to authority

Back 16

1. a person is cited in an area outside expertise or they are cited when there is no consensus in the field

EX: Mike Huckabee tells me that the geological substratum supports Creationism over Evolution.
Creationism is correct.

Front 17

tu quoque

Back 17

1. hypocrite
2. someone cannot validly conclude what goes against her practices

EX: You tell me not to smoke weed, but you tried weed when you were a teenager.
So you can't tell me not to smoke it

Front 18

naturalistic fallacy

Back 18

1. assumes that b/c something is true, it ought to be true

EX: for centuries, cultures have exposed unwanted babies. We have no right to intervene with their culture

Front 19

gambler's fallacy

Back 19

1. departures from what happens on average corrected in the short run

EX: Giuseppe's coin has come up heads 10 times in a row.
He will probably get tails on the next flip.

Front 20

straw man fallacy

Back 20

1. arbitrarily reducing an argument to an overly simple and flawed thesis

EX: You say you're against the Iraq War, but you voted to fund it. You're really for the Iraq war.

Front 21

slippery slope

Back 21

1. one "innocent" decision/action is assumed to ultimately result in something undesirable

Front 22

Consequence of evidence

Back 22

A strong Christian nation, historically, has had fewer major crimes Christianity must be true.

Front 23

Genetic fallacy

Back 23

1. identification of the source of a claim is taken evidence for or against a claim

EX: Your parents taught you that sex before marriage is wrong. That just comes for their religion; Religions are intolerant. Therefore, sex before marriage is not wrong.

Front 24

anecdotalism

Back 24

1. misleading vividness

EX: My Taurus sucks.
All Tauruses suck.

Front 25

On what date did philosophy begin

Back 25

The solar eclipse
*May 23, 585
*Thales

Front 26

Why is a prediction of an eclipse considered the beginning of philosophy?

Back 26

1. truth independent of inspiration
2. proved itself

Front 27

What did presocratics give us?

Back 27

1. truth comes from everyone
2. truth comes by regular experiences

Front 28

What is Thale's basic philosophical contributions?

Back 28

Thought everything came from water

Front 29

What is axaximenes basic philosophical contributions?

Back 29

Everything comes from air.

Front 30

Xenophanes philosophical contributions

Back 30

1. points out each cultures god looks suspiciously like the ppl in those cultures

Front 31

Gods must be:

Back 31

1. omniscient
2. eternal
3. immutable

Front 32

Pythagoras

Back 32

1. all life was kin; all humans/animals are =

2. cosmos viewed as #; harmonies relationships

3. discovered math relationships in geometry/music

*BODYS ARE TOMBS FOR THE SOUL