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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mind Body Problem
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the argument over the relationship of the mind to the body
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necessary condition
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a statement that must be satisfied for the statement to be true
Example 1: Being at least 30 years old is necessary of serving in the U.S. Senate |
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sufficient condition
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a statement that if satisfied, assures the statement's truth.
Example 1: An occurrence of thunder is a sufficient condition for the occurrence of lightning |
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Socratic method
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A system of questioning that was invented to stimulate critical thinking
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deductive validity
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an argument in which the premise gaurentes the conclusion
Ex- It is raining, so the ground is wet |
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Cartesian dualism
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An theroy on the mind body problem proposed by Descartes that says the mind and body are seperate and interact. (Physcial causes mental and vice versa)
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causal closure of the physical
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a metaphysical theory about the nature of causation in the physical realm with significant ramifications in the study of the mind.
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Ryle’s University Seeker TE
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a thought experiment where a man is shown around a university and than asks "Where is the University?" This is a category mistake becuase the University is a gathering of buildings not a building itself
This has to do with the mind body problem and people use this to argue that the mind does not exist like the body it only is a complex pattern of behavior |
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identity theory
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The idea that mental states are caused by the brain.
Ex- Phineas Gage |
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Nagel’s Bat TE
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The Thought experiment where it says that no non-bat will ever truely know how it feels to be a bat. But all of the physical properties can be known by non-bats. So mental states can't be identical to physical states.
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multiple realizability
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the view that minds can be realized in things other than brains
This attacks the idenity theory by showing that you do not need a brain to have a mind |
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Putnam’s Inverted Spectrum TE
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The thought experiment that proposes the idea that it's possible for a man to see blue as red and vice versa and never know
This attacks functionalism by showing it's possible for two identically functional organisms to have different mental states |
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Functionalism
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The doctrine that mental states are functional states
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Searle’s Chinese Room TE
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You are in a room with a book filled with chinese phrases on paper and a book that shows you how to take chinese phrases and respond to them in chinese
This is how some people argue that computers see. They recognize syntax and not semantics |
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emergentism
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The theroy that mental properties are emergent properties meaning they are had by the whole and not the parts
Ex- schools of fish, flocks of birds |
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consequence argument
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THe determinist idea that since everything is caused by the laws of nature and events far in the past and since we have not control over either than we have no responsibility for our actions
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hierarchical compatibilism
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The compatibilist theory that says you are responsible for your actions unless you had no other choice
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Frankfurt’s Decision Inducer TE
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The thought experiment that says a man (Jones) is trying to make a decision but another man (Black) is who can tell if you are going to make a certain decision. Black will intervine if Jones will make a decision he doesn't like.
Jones does something Black likes so Black doesn't intervine Therefore Jones had no other choice but is still morally resposible for his actions This is an attack on Hierarchical compatibilism |
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numerical idenity
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Two things are numerically identical only if they are the same thing
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qualitiative idenity
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two things are the same if they share the same qualities
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Hobbes’s Ship of Theseus TE
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This thought experiment brings up the idea of Theseus's ship that goes on many voyages and has many repairs
Eventually all the peices are replaced for new ones. Is it still the same ship Theseus started with? This thought experiment questions the idea if the idenity of something is in it's properties or if it's the actual thigns that make up the ship |
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soul theory
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The doctrine that everything we are is inside our soul, and that two identical people are only identical if they have the same soul
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memory theory
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The idea that everything we are is in our memory.
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Shoemaker’s Brain Transplant TE
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Mr. Brown has a brain transplant to Mr. Blacks body. When Mr. Black wakes up he has all the memories and thoughts of Mr. Brown so he is Mr. Brown
This is brain theroy which says whereever our brains go than we got too |
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Blanshard’s Rabbit TE
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This thought experiment says that a rabbit was caught in a trap and struggled for says in pain and hunger and eventually died
Blanshard than argues that the pain is not nescessarialy bad it is just something that causes and emotion in us |
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Hobbes’s Ship of Theseus TE
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This thought experiment brings up the idea of Theseus's ship that goes on many voyages and has many repairs
Eventually all the peices are replaced for new ones. Is it still the same ship Theseus started with? This thought experiment questions the idea if the idenity of something is in it's properties or if it's the actual thigns that make up the ship |
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soul theory
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The doctrine that everything we are is inside our soul, and that two identical people are only identical if they have the same soul
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memory theory
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The idea that everything we are is in our memory.
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Shoemaker’s Brain Transplant TE
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Mr. Brown has a brain transplant to Mr. Blacks body. When Mr. Black wakes up he has all the memories and thoughts of Mr. Brown so he is Mr. Brown
This is brain theroy which says whereever our brains go than we got too |
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Blanshard’s Rabbit TE
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This thought experiment says that a rabbit was caught in a trap and struggled for says in pain and hunger and eventually died
Blanshard than argues that the pain is not nescessarialy bad it is just something that causes and emotion in us |
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Euthyphro Dilemma
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"Is what is morally good commanded by God because it is morally good, or is it morally good because it is commanded by God?"
The dilemma has had a major impact upon the philosophical theism of the monotheistic religions |
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intrinsic value
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vaule for it's own sake
Ex-Money |
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Instrumental value
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something with value you because we give it value
Ex-Happyness |
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psychological hedonism
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The doctrine that the only thing individuals can ever want is their own happiness
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lower pleasure
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physical stimulation
Ex- Hunger, sleep |
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higher pleasures
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Mental pleasure
Ex-a good discussion |
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Categorical Imperative
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the central philosophical concept in the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, as well as modern deontological ethics. it may be defined as a way of evaluating motivations for action.
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justice as fairness
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A Theory on justice that has two parts
1. everyone has basic fredoms 2. (A) the upper levels of the justice system need to be open to everyone (B) They are to do the gresatest good for those in need |
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ethics of care
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a theory on right and wrong devolped by feminists that focuses on the importance of relationships
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virtue
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A human quality marked by a want to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances
Ex- being polite at a fancy dinner |
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Ring of Gyges TE
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The thought experiment that there is a ring that allows you to be invisable. It says that there is no point to doing a moral good while invisable because ther eis no way to get credit for it
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Stocker’s Hospital Patient TE
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You are a hospital patient and are visited by a friend named Smith. As you talk you realize he is being very virtious by visiting you but doesn't care
This represents a big part of a Virtuous Kantian. he says you must care about the actual person and not just be polite for the sake of being polite |
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1st uncaused cause
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1.The world was made by God
2. Evertyhing is caused or uncaused 3.There can not be an infinite seris of causes 4.So there must be one uncaused cause 5. That cause is God 6.Therefore God exists |
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Paley’s Watch TE
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This TE is to criticize the idea of natural selection, it has to do with the idea that you're walking down a beach and bump your foot on a watch. You look at it's complex pieces and logically think it must have a designer
This is compared to the idea that humans are far too complex to not have had a designer at some point |
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Guanilo’s Lost Island TE
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This TE talks about an lost Island that is perfect and it is the best possible one. BUt if it exists in our minds as the best possible one it's not cause a real one would be better so therefore it must exist
This Te experiment pokes fun at the logical proof of God that uses the same logic to prove God is the best possible God. |
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Finite God Defense
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In a world with so much unnessecary evil one reason God might let this happen is because he might not be all loving and all powerful but actually finite and cannot help
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Abraham and Isaac
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The story of Abraham and Isaac is about a father who is told by God to sacrifice his son. He is devestated but is about to when God says he was jsut testing him for his faith.
This is were many people feel that the belief in God is never really going to be proven by science or logic it just takes a leap of faith |
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existentialism
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The Philosophy of choices and defing yourself and is the most influential form of western Philosophy
they don't really say there is a god but the do agree everything was made for a purpose and it's value of things is how they preform that purpose |
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propositional knowledge
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a type of knowledge about a certain experence and is either true or false
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synthetic propositions
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a propistion that you need experience to prove
EX- a lemon is tart |
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Analytic proposition
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something true by defination
Ex- a square has 4 sides |
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Allegory of the Cave
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Imagine you are in a your whole life cave chained to a wall and all you see are shadows are on the wall in front of you. This your entire world until on day you escape to the surface and your eyes are burned by the sun and you return blind with stories of what it's really like and everyone else in the cave thinks you are crazy
This is a comparison to what our world might be like and what we see might be nothing compared to the truth and even if you saw the truth no one would believe you |
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cogito ergo sum
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Translated as "I think therefoer I am" This the famous line from Descartes that makes him sure he exists at least as a mind
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Empiricism
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In philosophy, empiricism is a theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge arises from sense experience. Empiricism is one of several competing views that predominate in the study of human knowledge, known as epistemology. Empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception,
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synthetic a priori
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a statment that is universal that cna't be observed
Ex- Time and space |
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direct realism
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a theory of perception that claims that the senses provide us with direct awareness of the external world.
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Primary qualities
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are properties objects have that are independent of any observer,
EX-solidity, extension, and motion |
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Secondary qualities
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properties that produce sensations in observers,
EX-colour, taste, smell, and sound. |
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Inconceivability of the Unconceived TE
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This TE tries to argue for Berkeley's idea of God
It says that you can think of the books in your closet but you can't really conceive they are there until you actually see them so you can't be sure they exist |
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justified true belief
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1. P is true
2. S believes P 3. S has justification for P These are the three parts of a justified true belief and Gettier says all three need to be true for you believe something is true |