Philosophy Exam 1

Front 1

Valid Argument

Back 1

An argument where the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

Front 2

Invalid Argument

Back 2

An argument where the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of its conclusion.

Front 3

Modus Ponens

Back 3

1. If P, then Q. 2. P 3. Therefore, Q. Valid

Front 4

Hypothetical Syllogism

Back 4

1. If P, then Q. 2. If Q, then R. 3. Therefore, if P, then R. Valid

Front 5

Modus Tollens

Back 5

1. If P, then Q. 2. Not Q. 3. Therefore, not P. Valid

Front 6

Affirming the Consequent

Back 6

1. If P, then Q. 2. Q 3. Therefore, P. Invalid

Front 7

Denying the Antecedent

Back 7

1. If P, then Q. 2. Not P. 3. Therefore, not Q. Invalid

Front 8

Formal Fallacy

Back 8

Invalid forms of arguments

Front 9

Sound Argument

Back 9

An argument that has all true premises.

Front 10

Unsound Argument

Back 10

An argument that has one or more false premises.

Front 11

Deductive Argument

Back 11

Claims that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is necessarily true.

Front 12

Inductive Argument

Back 12

Claims that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is probably true.

Front 13

Dream Argument

Back 13

We are able to doubt even normal things, like that we are here, because a man who sleeps at night has all the same experiences while asleep as a madman does when awake.

Front 14

Intervention Hypothesis

Back 14

God could intervene to make me believe something is true when it is not true.

Front 15

Defective-design Hypothesis

Back 15

God could have created me with a faulty nature so that I reason incorrectly without knowing it even about things that seem self-evidently true like mathematics.

Front 16

Cogito Argument

Back 16

"I am, I exist." It is the point on which he can build his whole argument, his Archimedean Point, because no matter how much he doubts, he cannot doubt that he exists. The fact of doubting his existence undermines the possibility that he does not exist because the act of doubting reaffirms his existence.

Front 17

Cosmological Argument

Back 17

The existence of contingent things implies the existence of something necessary (The universe had to come from somewhere).

Front 18

Argument from Design

Back 18

There is evident design in nature and no design without a designer.

Front 19

Ontological argument

Back 19

the idea of a most perfect being implies the existence of that being.

Front 20

Truth Criterion

Back 20

Whatever I perceive in the same way I perceive the cogito (by way of clear and distinct perceptions) is true.

Front 21

Innate Ideas

Back 21

ideas that are discovered within me.

Front 22

adventitious ideas

Back 22

ideas that arise unbidden from outside me.

Front 23

invented ideas

Back 23

ideas that I construct in my imagination.

Front 24

ideas as acts

Back 24

a conscious mental event in the mind, consciousness of the idea as object.

Front 25

idea as object

Back 25

an "object" in the mind, the content of consciousness.

Front 26

formal reality

Back 26

The reality it has in virtue of the kind of thing it is.

Front 27

objective reality

Back 27

The reality it has in virtue of the kind of thing it represents.

Front 28

Causal Principle

Back 28

The reality of a cause must be at least as great as the reality of the effect.

Front 29

Freedom of Inclination

Back 29

The inclination of the will to affirm things perceived clearly and distinctly.

Front 30

Freedom of indifference

Back 30

Freedom of will when there is no reason pushing me in one direction or the other. Lowest grade of freedom.

Front 31

Determinism

Back 31

the entire state of the universe at any given point in time is fixed by the state of the universe at a prior time, in combination with the laws of nature.

Front 32

libertarianism

Back 32

view that determinism is incompatible with free agency, that determinism is false, and that free agency is thus possible.

Front 33

compatibilism

Back 33

view that determinism is, or might be, true but that it is compatible with free agency.