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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
modus ponens
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if a then b, then a, therefore b: basic syllogism, way of affirming
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modus tollens
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if a then b and not b, then not a: way of denying
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modus ponens/tollens
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100% valid: rules of correct thinking
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disjunctive syllogism
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either/or reasoning: either a or b and not b, therefore a and vice versa
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hypothetical syllogism
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2 syllogisms that create togheter create a third: if a then b, if then c, therefore a then c
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reductio ad absurdum
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take opponents postion, assume as true, and it leads to absurd things (galnillo and anselm)
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affirming the consequent
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if a then b, and b, therefore a; it's invalid
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denying the antedent
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if a then b, and not a, therefore not b; invalid
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validity vs. soundness
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v: argument where solution follows reasoning; s: valid argument where reasons given are true
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induction vs. deduction
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I: moving from particular to general; D: moving from general to particular
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necessary vs. sufficient
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n: a prereq for something being the case; s: enough circumstances to bring something about
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burden of proof
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burden to provide proof for an argument is on the person who makes the strong claim
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principle of charity
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cast best possible light on your opponent's position when arguing against it
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biconditional
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if and only if; expresses necessary and sufficient conditions
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appeal to authority
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when you use an authority to shut down opponents argument: invalid
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appeal to emotion
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abandon reason and persuade thru. fear, compassion, pity: giving up on argument
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appeal to pop. belief
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everyone else believes it so you should too
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appeal to ignorance
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claim that the lack of an argument against something is same as arg. for it
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begging question
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assuming that what you are trying to prove is true: conclusion restates premise
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false cause
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argu. attempts to provide reasons making it probable that some conclusion is true
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straw man
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misrepresenting a position so that it is easily critiscized and rejected
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ad hominem
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attacking the person instead of the argu.
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false dilemma
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either you're for me or against me
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slippery slope
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if you allow this to happen it will lead to something worse happening
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hasty generalization
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decide on decision that doesn't have enough evidence/instances
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equivocation
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ambiguity; using same word with multiple meanings, not clear terms
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genetic fallacy
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someone rejects claim on basis of their parents or position- attacking person like a.h.
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empericist vs. rationalist
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e: experience basis of all knowledge; r: can reach truth thru. logic, suspicious of experience
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infrastructure vs. superstructure
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i: economic basis of soc.; s: culture and philo., morals people have; s depends on i
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bourgeois socialism
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welfare: safety net when falling on hard times-handouts; band-aid, cap. real problem
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utopian socialism
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hippies, changed ideas so they could all live together, tired of others not pulling their weight
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reactionary socialism
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just turn back clock to time before capitolism, capitolism is necessary
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scientific socialism
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will happen whether we want it or not, capitolism will fail
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religion
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opium of the people, status quo
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immanence vs. trancendence
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i: at home, wife; t: out in world, have job
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patriarchy
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men tend to have positions of power, masculine values given primacy
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men vs. women fear
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m: commitment; f: lose relationship/abandonment
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multiculturalism
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-in cultures: different values are loved
-can find things you like in other cultures, not have to be part of it -can find things to learn/value different things -challenge nature of philosophy |
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#1 cup of tea
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overflowing cup: "How can I show you zen unless you first empty your cup?"
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4 parts ZFZB
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101 Zen Stories, Gateless Gate, Search for the Bull , Centering
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Buddha twirls a flower
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connection to natural world, don't need words,
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What are you doing! What are you saying!
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master tries to give book to apprentice but he won't take it and throws it in fire: apprentice more of master b/c no possesion makes him happy
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Reciting Sutras
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teacher trying show that sutras/blessings are for everyone but farmer doesn't like it, for his neighbor esp.
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a parable
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man going to get eaten by a tiger and is hanging on a vine and picks a strawberry that tastes best cuz it's his last
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trading dialogue for lodging
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humor- both monks were right, shows that there are multiple perspectives on the world: anti-realism; cherish all perspectives; three fingers and fist- weaker arg. won
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flower shower
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emptiness isn’t void or nothingness: sense that the world doesn’t have fixed character, resists contests, indeterminate character: gods praising dude for emptiness, says he doesn't talk about this but it's true emptiness
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Search for bull
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is search for self: like story of the cave, overcame world but come back in, no state of bliss but should enlighten others
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tipping over a water vase
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cook beats main philosopher, gives up easy job for hard job, thought differently about things thru. actions not words
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