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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does the word "jain" come from?
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Jina, which means "Conqueror"
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How do they name their traditions?
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They name their own (jina-dharma or jina-marga)
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Who are the tirthankaras?
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Human beings who have achieved keval jnana and are teachers of the path to moksa.
They go to the siddha-loka after time on earth as a teacher |
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Who are nigranthas?
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Freed from the chain
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Who are kevalins?
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Those who have obtained keval jnana including the tirthankaras.
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Who are the arhats?
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Those worthy of obtaining moksha.
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What language are the most ancient scriples of the Jains written?
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ArdhaMagadhi
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Why is Jainism nastika and shramana?
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because it is non-Hindu. It rose in retaliation of corrupt practices in Hinduism and Vedic religions.
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Why is Jainism shramana?
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Because it is non-Vedic. They deny the authority of Vedas, Upanishads, the ultimacy of gods, and the centrality and importance of Vedic sacrifice, oppose class structure.
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Do the Jains have a concept of revelation like the Hindus?
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No. There is no union with an ultimate, but focuse on experience as the end product. Stess the individuality of each soul, not on union with ultimate
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How are the teachings of the tirthankaras delivered?
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To the gandharas as sermons via divyadhvani (devine sound)
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What do the Shvetambaras say about it?
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The divine sound is a universal language with miraculous effects understood by every living creature at their own level.
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What do the Digambras say about it?
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Monotone vibration like AUM and all creatures understand the message at their own level of understanding
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How is the Agama of the Jains described?
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Sermons of those without shackles
basket of gandharas scriptural knowledge doctrine |
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The shvetamarbar canon is divided into 60 texts
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Purva (14 texts)
Anga (12 texts) Angabahya (35) |
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The digambara canon consists of two works
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Satkhadagama
Kasayaprabhrita |
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How large is the Jain universe?
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Finite but very large (343 cubic rajus)
Central cylindar is 1 raju by 14 raju |
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What are the parts of the Jain universe?
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3 parts
-Higher world -Middle World -Lower World |
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Higher World
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Total of 30 levels surrounded by boundless space
-Kalpa heavens -Beyond kalpa heavens -Siddha loka (where the liberated souls reside) |
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Middle World
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1 level
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Lower World
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7 levels
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What does the universe resemble?
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A human torso, thus linking the purusha from Hinduism and the stature of the tirthankara
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How is time structured, according to the Jains?
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Eternal, but a series of incalculably long cycles. Each 1/2 cycle consists of 6 periods. The best period is very happy with very long lives. The worst is unhappy with less than 20 year lives.
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At what time are the tirthankaras born in the world cycle?
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3rd or 4th period of the half cycles.
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Why are the tirthankaras born then?
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the first two cycles have people living too happily and too long to worry about after-life. The last two periods, people are too concerned with survival than after-life.
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What are substances conposed of?
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Substances are aggregates of qualities and modes. There are non-material, mom-sentient substances, material non-sentient substances, and sentient substances
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What kind of substances are there?
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There are non-material, mom-sentient substances, material non-sentient substances, and sentient substances
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What are jivas?
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atomistic/monadic and indivisible, but material atoms can attach themselves to it
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What kind of jivas are there/
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There are disembodied jivas (liberated souls) and embodied jivas. There are 5 kinds of embodied jivas starting rom one-sensed to five-sensed
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what kinds of karma are there?
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Soul impeding karma-determines mental impediments to lieration
rebirth conditioning karma-determines the next birth |
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Are jains atheist?
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They do not deny the existance of gods, they only deny dependance upon gods and hence are non-theistic.
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What is the ultimate in Jain religion?
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Both the being who has achieved enlightenment as well as the experience of enlightenment itself, known as keval jnana or moksha.
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What does Shvetambara mean?
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Clad in white
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What does Digambar mean?
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Sky-clad
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How do Digambar and Shvetambara difer on the life of the Mahavira?
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The life of Mahavaira is more embellished in shvetambara stories than in digambara stories.
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What do the digambras believe about Mahavira
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Of Brahmin birth, never married , and became and escetic regardless of his parents wishes
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What do the shvetambaras believe about Mahavira?
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More liberal, born of a kshatriya womb, he married and had children and waited to become an ascetic until his parents died
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Which passions caused the soul to be "moistened?"
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desire and hatred
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What conditions the severity of bad karma?
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the intention and intensity of emotion with which the karma is done conditions the severity.
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What is soul impeding karma?
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obscures perception and knowledge and slows down path to liberation.
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What is rebirth conditioning karma?
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determines conditions of the net birth (body type, longevity, location, etc.)
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What is bliss-defiling karma?
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The worst, leads to aversion and attachment (the two passions)
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How does the Jain remove karma?
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by asceticism and sarifice of pleasures.
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What powers are acquired by the removal of karma?
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when karma is removed it leads to purification and/or development of common sense, reasoning faculty, limited clairvoyance, ability to read thoughts of others and onmiscience.
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What is the bhavyata?
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the directedness/potentiality of the soul to achieve liberation. It is the first step to achieving liberation.
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What are the five bodies of Jain anthropology?
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earthly body, metamorphic body, projective body, fiery bdy and karmic body, last two of which are reincarnated besides the soul
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Which bodies besides the soul reincarnate?
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fiery body and karmic body
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How does asceticism function in Jain soteriology?
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Asceticism is like a sacrifice. It is the key to release and is equivalant to drying the soul of its karma
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What is the Jain path to liberation?
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Asceticism-elimination of hatred and desire and its replacement with ahimsa.
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How does the path to liberation differ for mendicants and Iaity?
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The mendicants have to take 5 great vows at the 6th stage including celibacy and mendicant poverty, however the laity have to vow to undergo diurnal sexual restraint and they can earn a living buy by means that are least harmful to other beings
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Why is ahimsa the central Jain virtue?
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Ahimsa restores bliss and repairs all other faculties and hence is the central virtue in Jainism.
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What is the state of those who achieve liberation from samsara?
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They are called kevalins. In siddhaloka they exist in distinguishable forms resembling their last incarmiations but more compactly.
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What is the kevalins state of knowledge/experience?
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knowledge without distortion
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What is the meaning of The full shape of the Jain symbol?
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The shape of the universe?
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What is the curve at the top of the Jain symbol?
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Siddha loka where the kevalins reside
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What are the three dots in the jain symbol?
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faith, right conduct, and right knowledge
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What are the four arms of the swastika in the Jain symbol?
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the four states the soul may live in
heavens, humans, animals, and hells. |
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What is the palm symbol of the Jain symbol?
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assurance (as in Hinduism)
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What is the chakra inside in the Jain symbol?
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Symbol of non-violence.
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Jana-dharma
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the name by which Jains refer to their own tradition
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Jina
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the conqueror
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Tirthankara
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Are also kevalins, but are also teachers
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Shramana
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atheistic, but non-Vedic
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Nastika
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A non-Hindu religion
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Divyadhvani
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(Divine word)
The way Tirthanakars give their teachings |
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Jain Agama
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Jain scriptures
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Loka
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Jain universe
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temporal structure of the Jain universe
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eternal but in cycles
6 periods in each 1/2 cycle One half is progressive One half is regressive |
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Soul impeding karma
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obscures our perception of reality
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Bliss defiling karma
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worst kind
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Atheistic religions
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deny existance of gods
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Non-theistic religions
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give irrelevance to gods
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"moistening" of the soul
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the attachment of karma to the soul moistens the soul and attracts new karma
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bhavaytava
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the potential to attain moksa
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gunasthanas
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14 stages to achieve liveration
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ahimsa
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No harm
non-violence central virtue in Jainism |
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puja
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worship to the tirthankaras
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why would a Jain do puja?
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because tirthankara is the ultimate expression of human being. We strive to be like him. Not done with the idea of tirthankara helping humans in any way
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kevala
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Highest knowledge
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Nirvana
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release from bondage/final death
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moksha
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final liberation
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kevala jnana
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highest transcendental knowledge without karmic obstructions, omniscience
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kevalin
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one who attains kevala jnana and resides on siddha-loka after time on earth
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final moksha in Siddhiloka? What is it like?
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complete omniscience, kevalin knows all beings in their singularity and their multiplicity. Total bliss
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Jain symbol
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pratika
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