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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Consequentialism |
rightness and wrongness depends on and only on the consequences |
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Non consequentialism |
rightness and wrongness does not depend on and only on the consequences |
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Deontology (Kant) what kind of consequentialism? |
Strong Non consequentialism |
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Strong Non consequentialism? |
consequences completely irrelevant to right and wrong |
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Etymology: Deon = |
Duty |
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Deontological theory of value? |
Do right thing ONLY BECAUSE it is the right things rather than because of what it will/will not get you |
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What you do can fail to have any moral worth if? (2) |
-it is the wrong thing -it is the right thing done for the wrong reasons |
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Kant's theory: an act is right if it conforms to a general moral rule called? |
the Categorical Imperative (CI) |
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1st Formulation of CI: |
never act in a way that your maxim (rule you're following) cannot be a universal law (applied to everyone every time) |
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2nd Formulation of CI: |
never treat someone as a mere means to an end |
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According to deontology, rightness and wrongness are not __ but __ |
contingent, but absolute |
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Objection to deontology? |
Nazi lying case - deontology rigidly binds regardless of the consequences "do the right thing though the world should perish" |
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Another objection |
Does not adequately address moral conflict - deontology concerned with right and wrong but nursing sometimes choosing between right and right |
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Potential solution? |
Weak non consequentialism |
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Weak non consequentialism? |
rightness and wrongness depend on BUT NOT ONLY ON consequences of actions |
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Ross's Theory of? |
Pluralistic Deontology |
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Pluralistic Deontology = |
-weak non consequentialist view -lots of independent duties that comprise morality -which is most applicable to particular situation |
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Etymology: Autonomy Autos = Nomos = |
self rule |
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4 Senses of Autonomy |
Autonomous action Autonomous deliberation and decision-making Autonomy as authenticity Autonomous moral reflection |
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Principle of autonomy = principle of? |
self-determination |
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in Autonomous Action, encouraging patient autonomy can mean? (2) |
-removing agent-internal freedom-limiting impediments -removing agent-external freedom-living impediments |
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examples of agent-internal freedom-limiting impediments? |
disease or pain |
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examples of agent-external freedom-living impediments |
schedules, rules, medications, restraints |
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Autonomous deliberating and decision-making |
autonomous person a decision maker who deliberates effectively (capacity, fully informed etc) |
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Autonomy as authenticity |
choice may be autonomous if it is consistent with person's true self and NOT autonomous if it is "out of character" -situational and contextual |
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Autonomous moral reflection |
involves thinking for oneself rather than adopting moral judgements unconsciously and uncritically |
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Autonomy most closely related to which ethical theory? |
Deontology - don't treat others as a mere means (respect the fact that others decide on the basis of reason, just like we ourselves do) |
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Assessment of autonomous deliberation requires assessment of? |
Competency or Capacity to decide |
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What makes someone minimally rational? 3 ideas. |
-an agent with capacity chooses reasonably -define capacity by group (age, impairment) measurement -functional approach |
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Agent /w capacity chooses reasonably. Objection = |
who gets to decide what is reasonable? (no one minimally rational) |
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Capacity by group (age, impairment) measurement. Objection = |
"mature minor" voting age, driving age etc |
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Functional approach = |
-capacity not all or nothing (seriousness of decision) -capacity doesn't encompass all decisions -capacity not necessarily stable (ex. sundowning effect) |
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Factors to be considered for functional approach = |
-his/her situation -relevant info -risks, detriments, benefits of various options -logical relationship between options and desired end/outcome of patient |
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3 factors for informed consent: |
1. Capacity 2. voluntariness: action and deliberation free from coercion 3. Info related to situation and decision at hand |
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Negative duty/obligation? |
duty of non-interference |
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Positive duty/obligation? |
duty to do something |
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Paternalism = |
restricting or limiting someone's autonomy for their own good |
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Paternalism can result from a clash between what and what? |
autonomy and beneficence |
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3 Arguments for not promoting or even inhibiting a patient's autonomy? |
1. from capacity of person 2. from harm to others (beneficence or nonmaleficence to others a greater consideration 3. from harm to patient |
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Weak paternalism = |
person's autonomy may be overridden by beneficence or non maleficence if its for their own good and they lack competence |
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Strong paternalism = |
person's autonomy may be overridden by beneficence or non maleficence it its for their own good whether or not they lack competence |
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According to Aristotle's Virtue Ethics, morality is about __ not how one ought to act in a specific situation |
how one ought to live |
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Virtues (broadly) = |
those habits and character traits the perfection of which enables us to realize and fulfill our natures |
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A happy life/ good life = |
life lived in virtue |
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virtue = |
a mean between two vices, one of excess and one of deficiency AKA "the golden mean" |
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How to become virtuous? |
moral apprenticeship - building good habits by hanging around virtuous people |
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Objection |
no consensus on concrete conception of "the good life" |
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Solution |
tie the virtues to the specific nursing community |
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Another objection |
conflict: what to do when different virtues pull one in different directions all virtue ethics tells us is to be virtuous - unhelpful |
