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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an argument?
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A process in which a conclusion claimed as true or false is supported by relevant evidence in the form of a premise, and the connection between premise and conclusion is one governed by the best possible reasoning is called argument.
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Describe the process of reasoning
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The process of reasoning links relevant evidence to a relevant conclusion.
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Describe an objective conclusion.
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Although discovered by human minds and reason, the argument that reaches an objective conclusion is independent of us, or real.
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What does the word fallacy mean?
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Fallacy means error, both in the sense of a mistake having been made and in the sense of failure in our reasoning process
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Informal fallacies concern... |
basic questions about the relevance of the evidence offered in support of some conclusion. |
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Argument from ignorance |
An informal fallacy - each side cites in favor of the conclusion the fact that no convincing evidence for the opposite conclusion has been put forward. |
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All arguments from ignorance are by default instances of |
failure to predesignate. |
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Objactive matters are... |
matters about which all informed and reasonable persons should, eventually agree. |
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Describe fixing belief in a rational manner |
Fixed belief based evidence. (my interpretation of the description) |
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What is the difference between rational behavior and irrational behavior? |
Rational behavior involves good reasoning while irrational behavior involves bad reasoning. |
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What is an example of a non-rational instinct? |
The instinct to survive |
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Name three subjects which seem to clearly involve non-rational inside or fixation of belief in an aquisitive manner. |
Genuine religious experience Falling in love Flash of artistic expression |
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What is argument from authority? |
The people in charge say it is so, so it must be |
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Describe the fallacy, 'appeal to the mob' |
Accepting uninformed consensus as legitimate. |
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Describe an ad hominem attack |
An informal fallacy that attacks a person's character rather than address his contentions. |
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Describe appeal to emotion |
An informal fallacy that appeals to subjective emotion. |
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What is a hypothetical argument? |
One in which at least one piece of evidence, or premise, is a conditional statement - if/then |
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What is the difference between an objective opinion and a subjective opinion? |
Roughly put, a conclusion based on subjective considerations is usually little more than a matter of personal opinion, a conclusion on objective considerations draws from matters independent of personal opinion. |
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Describe what Peirce called "Failure to Predesignate." |
The failure to specify a definite hypothesis capable of being tested is called the, "failure to predesignate." |
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The failure to specify a definite hypothesis capable of being tested is called ...... |
Failure to Predesignate |
