Phil 102 Midterm

Front 1

disjunctive syllogism (1)

Back 1

P1: either A or B
P2: not A

C: B

Front 2

disjunctive syllogism (2)

Back 2

P1: Either A or B
P2: not B

C: A

Front 3

Modus Ponens

Back 3

P1: If A then B
P2: A

C: B

Front 4

Modus Tolens

Back 4

P1: If A then B
P2: not B

C: not A

Front 5

Chain Argument

Back 5

P1: If A then B
P2: If B then C

C: If A then C

Front 6

Valid Syllogism #1

Back 6

P1: All A are B
P2: All B are C

C: All A are C

Front 7

Valid Syllogism #2

Back 7

P1: All A are B
P2: No B are C

C: No A are C

Front 8

good deductive

Back 8

valid or invalid; whose premises being true would mean necessarily that the conclusion is true

Front 9

good inductive

Back 9

strong or weak; premises being true would mean that probably the conclusions are true

Front 10

validity

Back 10

if premises are true, conclusion must be true; DOESN'T MEAN PREMISES OR CONCLUSION MUST BE TRUE

Front 11

sound

Back 11

valid and true premsis

Front 12

cogent

Back 12

strong and true premises

Front 13

contradiction

Back 13

both cant be T of F at the same time

Front 14

contrary

Back 14

cant both be true at the same time, but can both be false

Front 15

sub-contrary

Back 15

can both be true, but cannot both be false

Front 16

converse

Back 16

E AND I; switch positions of subject and predicate

Front 17

obverse

Back 17

ALL; (1) change affirmative to negative or vice versa (2) replacing predicate term with its complement

Front 18

contraposition

Back 18

A and O; (1) switching positions of subject and predicate terms (2) replacing both terms with their complements

Front 19

whenever

Back 19

all times are times

Front 20

only

Back 20

are all

Front 21

likes only

Back 21

all things she likes

Front 22

only (person)

Back 22

all persons identical to

Front 23

wherever

Back 23

all places are places

Front 24

the only

Back 24

all things are

Front 25

____the only

Back 25

all things are

Front 26

the only person

Back 26

all persons who are persons identical to

Front 27

analogies

Back 27

sample, target, feature in question

Front 28

generalizations

Back 28

sweeping and hasty

Front 29

predictions

Back 29

an argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to claim about the future

Front 30

causal inferences

Back 30

X caused Y

Front 31

hasty generalization

Back 31

may arise if the sample is too small or not randomly selected

Front 32

slippery slope

Back 32

conc. rests upon an alleged chain reaction

Front 33

false cause

Back 33

the link between P and C depends upon whether or not the link is imagined or not likely

Front 34

gamblers fallacy

Back 34

depends on the supposition that independent events in a game of chance are usually related