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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
The endocrine system consists of various glands that secrete _________________.
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Hormones
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Examples:
Thyroid gland --> secretes thyroid hormone and Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands --> parathyroid hormone Adrenal cortex ---> secretes cortisol |
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Hormones are chemicals produced in the body, that:
A) B) C) D) E) * 5 characteristics of hormones. |
A) Are produced in Small amounts
B) Are secreted DIRECTLY into the blood stream C) Travel through the blood stream to specific receptor sites D) Either INCREASE or DECREASE normal metabolic processes E) Are immediately broken down |
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The coordinating center for the endocrine/nervous system responses to internal and external stimuli is the _____________________.
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= The Hypothalamus
* Remember: the hypothalamus constantly monitors the body for disruptions in homeostasis. It sits at the base of the brain and receives input from different areas of the brain and also from neuro centers that send info about body functions like temperature, thirst, hunger, water retention, BP, respirations, reproduction, and emotional reactions. |
The "master gland" or "the main guy"
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The hypothalamus receives input from the CNS and from various neurocenters about the body's current level of homeostasis. It then reacts to this information by stimulating the ______________ _____________.
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= pituitary gland
*internal and external stimuli -> neuroreceptors>hypothalamus >>pituitary gland -> glands (thyroid, adrenal, etc) >>> secrete their hormones. |
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The pituitary gland is located in the skull. It is divided into 3 lobes called:
A) The ______________ lobe B) The _____________ lobe C) The _____________ lobe |
Anterior
Posterior Intermediate |
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The pituitary gland is located in the skull. It is divided into 3 lobes called:
A) The ______________ lobe B) The _____________ lobe C) The _____________ lobe |
Anterior
Posterior Intermediate |
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The anterior pituitary gland produces what 6 major hormones?
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GH - growth hormone [growth]
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone [metabolism] ACTH - adrenocorticotropic FSH - Follicle Stimulating Horm LH - Leutinizing [FSH & LH = sex hormones W: estrogen & progesterone M:testosterone] PRL - Prolactin [breast milk] |
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The posterior pituitary gland produces what two hormones?
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= ADH & Oxytocin
ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone [ aka Vasopressin, released when blood volume drops, tells the body to hold all fluids in to stop all fluid loss] Oxytocin - [pregnancy and lactation] * cause relaxation of the uterus in late pregnancy and labor and also causes "let down" when breast feeding |
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The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland work together to maintain endocrine function along the HPA, which is the ____________ ____________ ______________.
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HPA = Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
>>> which is a negative feedback system that increases/decreases hormone production based on the supply and demand of the body. |
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What function does Somatostatin have on the endocrine system?
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Somatostatin = GH (growth hormone) - inhibiting factor >>>>> it is secreted by the hypothalamus in order to stop the secretion of Growth Hormone.
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What function does Somatostatin have on the endocrine system?
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Somatostatin = GH (growth hormone) - inhibiting factor >>>>> it is secreted by the hypothalamus in order to stop the secretion of Growth Hormone.
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What function does PIF serve in the endocrine system?
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PIF = Prolactin Inhibiting Factor
(Prolactin>>causes breast milk production) ->> so it stops the release of prolactin and this stops the production of breast milk. |
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The ______________ is both an endocrine gland (producing hormones) and an EXOcrine gland (releasing sodium bicarbonate and enzymes into the intestines to aid in digestion.
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The Pancreas >> makes the hormones insulin and glucagon in direct response to blood glucose levels.
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The ______________ is both an endocrine gland (producing hormones) and an EXOcrine gland (releasing sodium bicarbonate and enzymes into the intestines to aid in digestion.
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The Pancreas >> makes the hormones insulin and glucagon in direct response to blood glucose levels.
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_______________ is the most common metabolic disorder. It is a complex condition that alters the metabolism of fats, glucose, and proteins.
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Diabetes Mellitus
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What body system is the MOST affected by blood glucose level instability?
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The Nervous System
* maintaining the correct blood glucose level is important to the CNS because nerve cells here do NOT contain insulin receptors like the rest of the body's cells. Neurons receive blood glucose (their energy source) through the process of diffusion. >>>Too HIGH of BG = moves water into nerves and causes swelling and nerve instability >>>Too LOW BG = less energy for the nerves to function, causing loss of cell membrane integrity. |
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______________ is the leading energy source for the body. It is stored for rapid release in times of stress or depletion (nerves need a constant supply of glucose to function).
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Glucose
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The pancreas contains __________ _____ ____________, collections of tissue that contain endocrine cells (alpha, beta, and delta) that release hormones in DIRECT response to blood glucose levels.
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Islets of Langerhans
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The pancreas contains __________ _____ ____________, collections of tissue that contain endocrine cells (alpha, beta, and delta) that release hormones in DIRECT response to blood glucose levels.
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Islets of Langerhans
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Alpha endocrine cells present in the pancreas release glucagon in direct response to ________ blood glucose.
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LOW
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The pancreas contains __________ _____ ____________, collections of tissue that contain endocrine cells (alpha, beta, and delta) that release hormones in DIRECT response to blood glucose levels.
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Islets of Langerhans
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Alpha endocrine cells present in the pancreas release glucagon in direct response to ________ blood glucose.
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LOW
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Beta cells in the pancreas release the hormone ___________ in response to HIGH blood glucose levels.
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Insulin
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The pancreas contains __________ _____ ____________, collections of tissue that contain endocrine cells (alpha, beta, and delta) that release hormones in DIRECT response to blood glucose levels.
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Islets of Langerhans
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Alpha endocrine cells present in the pancreas release glucagon in direct response to ________ blood glucose.
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LOW
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Beta cells in the pancreas release the hormone ___________ in response to HIGH blood glucose levels.
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Insulin
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Delta cells in the islets of Langerhans (in the pancreas) produce somatostatin (GH inhibiting factor) in response to very _________ Blood glucose:
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Low BG.
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Insulin is a hormone produced by ___________ pancreatic cells in response to elevated BG levels.
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Beta (pancreatic cells)
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Insulin is a hormone produced by ___________ pancreatic cells in response to elevated BG levels.
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Beta (pancreatic cells)
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After being released into the blood stream, Insulin circulates the body stimulating specific insulin receptor sites which in turn activates the transport of glucose ________ the cells through the process of __________ diffusion.
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INto [cells]
Facilitated [diffusion] |
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Insulin stimulates the diffusion of BG into cells, and it also stimulates the synthesis of _______________ = glucose stored for immediate use in times of need.
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Glycogen
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What are some causes that make the body lose it's ability to regulate blood glucose levels through it's own release of insulin?
A) B) C) |
A) pancreas can't produce enough insulin
B) the insulin receptor sites have lost their sensitivity to insulin & require more to lower BG effectively C) OR the person doesn't have enough insulin receptor sites to support his/her body [as in obesity] |
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________________ is the hormone secreted by fat (adipose cells) that acts to INCREASE insulin sensitivity and DECREASES the release of stored glucose.
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Adiponectin
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The SNS affects BG levels through norepinephrine and epinephrine ... Ultimately causing _____________ blood glucose.
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Increased >>> ready in case of "fight or flight" response
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The SNS affects BG levels through norepinephrine and epinephrine ... Ultimately causing _____________ blood glucose.
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Increased >>> ready in case of "fight or flight" response
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Corticosteroids work on blood glucose levels by _____________ insulin sensitivity and __________ glucose release.
Thus a person with DM who is under extreme stress would likely need to adjust their insulin by _______________ their dose. |
Increasing
(due to increased BG and decreased sensitivity) |
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As insulin becomes inefficient at controlling BG metabolic changes occur and hyperglycemia occurs. This results in the 3 P's:
Poly - _____________ Poly - _____________ Poly - _____________ |
Polyuria >>> increased urination
Polydipsia >> increased thirst Polyphagia >> increased hunger |
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The SNS affects BG levels through norepinephrine and epinephrine ... Ultimately causing _____________ blood glucose.
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Increased >>> ready in case of "fight or flight" response
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Corticosteroids work on blood glucose levels by _____________ insulin sensitivity and __________ glucose release.
Thus a person with DM who is under extreme stress would likely need to adjust their insulin by _______________ their dose. |
Increasing
(due to increased BG and decreased sensitivity) |
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As insulin becomes inefficient at controlling BG metabolic changes occur and hyperglycemia occurs. This results in the 3 P's:
Poly - _____________ Poly - _____________ Poly - _____________ |
Polyuria >>> increased urination
Polydipsia >> increased thirst Polyphagia >> increased hunger |
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What is lypolysis and why does it occur?
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What test/level should be monitored in insulin dependent diabetics periodically and gives a 3 month average?
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Glycosated Hemoglobin Test (HbA1c = 3 month average)
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For severe hypoglycemia (i.e. Diabetic pt found unconscious on floor), IV ______________ or ___________ may be necessary.
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Glucose or Glucagon
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What are the two types of Rapid Acting Insulins?
What are the times of: A) Onset B) Peak C) Duration |
Two types of Rapid:
1) Humalog 2) Novolog Times: A) Onset = 15 minutes B) Peak = 30 min - 3 hrs C) duration = 3 hrs - 3-6 hrs |
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What are the two types of Rapid Acting Insulins?
What are the times of: A) Onset B) Peak C) Duration |
Two types of Rapid:
1) Humalog 2) Novolog Times: A) Onset = 15 minutes B) Peak = 30 min - 3 hrs C) duration = 3 hrs - 3-6 hrs |
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When is regular insulin best given?
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30 to 60 minutes BEFORE meals
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Humulin R and Novolin R both have an onset of about __________ minutes.
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30-60
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What is the only type of insulin that can be given IV?
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Regular
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Which type of insulin is approved for once daily use and only for use in a hospital?
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= long acting
Ex/ Lantus, Humulin U, Ultralente |
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Which type of insulin is approved for once daily use and only for use in a hospital?
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= long acting
Ex/ Lantus, Humulin U, Ultralente |
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Which type of insulin has NO peak?
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Lantus
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NPH, Humulin N, Novolin N are all what type of insulin?
They have an onset of _________ hrs and peak at ________ hrs. |
Immediate Acting
Onset = 1 to 2.5 hrs Peak = 6 to 15 hrs |
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What are some s/s of HYPERglycemia?
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- the 3 P's: Polydipsia, Polyuria, and Polyphagia
- fatigue - slow healing - itchy skin - blurred vision - fruity breath - kussamauls respirtations |
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What are some s/s of HYPERglycemia?
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- the 3 P's: Polydipsia, Polyuria, and Polyphagia
- fatigue - slow healing - itchy skin - blurred vision - fruity breath - kussamauls respirtations |
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The thyroid gland gland secretes what three hormones?
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T3 = controls BMR (metabolism)
T4 Thyrocalcitonin = maintains blood calcium levels by inhibiting calcium release from the bone |
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What are some s/s of HYPERglycemia?
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- the 3 P's: Polydipsia, Polyuria, and Polyphagia
- fatigue - slow healing - itchy skin - blurred vision - fruity breath - kussamauls respirtations |
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The thyroid gland gland secretes what three hormones?
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T3 = controls BMR (metabolism)
T4 Thyrocalcitonin = maintains blood calcium levels by inhibiting calcium release from the bone |
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The release of hormones by the thyroid is triggered by what?
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TSH >>> secreted by the pituitary gland in response to some stimulus
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Hypothyroidism is caused by what?
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- absence of thyroid gland
- iodine deficiency - lack if sufficient thyroid hormone (tumor, or autoimmune disorders) - lack of TSH due to pituitary disease |
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Cretinism is caused by ____________ .
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Hypo secretion of thyroid hormone in youth
*causes mental retardation |
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Hypo secretion of thyroid hormone as an adult can cause __________________.
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Myxedema
*usually develops gradually as thyroid slowly stops functioning |
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Hypo secretion of thyroid hormone as an adult can cause __________________.
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Myxedema
*usually develops gradually as thyroid slowly stops functioning |
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Hashimoto disease is caused by ____________, or a __________ infection, or overtreatment of _______________ drugs.
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Hashimoto disease
= the result of an autoimmune thyroid disease, a viral infection, or over treatment with anti-thyroid drugs. |
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What are the s/s of hypothyroidism?
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Thickened skin, hair loss, constipation, lethargy, anorexia
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Graves' disease is associated with (hyper/hypo) thyroidism.
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= hyper
* can cause exothalamus (protruding eyes) * heat intolerance *increased appetite |
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Levothyroxine [synthroid, levoxine] is given to treat ____________________.
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Hypothyroidism (deficiency of T4)
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When given with Digoxin or beta blockers, thyroid hormone ___________ their levels.
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Decreases Digoxin and BB levels *a higher dose may be required.
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What time of day should thyroid medications be given?
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In the morning to prevent insomnia.
* also take 1-2 hrs before meals for increased absorption |
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When taken with anticoagulants and/or theophylline ... Thyroid hormones will ___________ their levels.
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Decrease
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When taken with anticoagulants and/or theophylline ... Thyroid hormones will ___________ their levels.
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Decrease
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Anti-thyroid medications (for tx of HYPERthyroidism) include:
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PTU, methimazole, thiomid derivatives.
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Anti-thyroid meds [such as PTU and methimazole] work by:
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Inhibiting the formation of thyroid hormone to decrease levels over 2-3 weeks.
- cannot inactivate already active thyroid hormone, but instead stops t4 >>> from being converted to T3. |
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The parathyroid gland controls the levels of __________ in the blood.
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Calcium
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Low blood calcium levels can cause what s/s?
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Trousseau
Fingertap reflex |
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Low blood calcium levels can cause what s/s?
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Trousseau
Fingertap reflex |
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Hypocalcemia is commonly caused by:
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Hypoparathyroidism
Chronic Renal Dialysis Treatment: Vitamin D (stimulates calcium absorption from intestines) Calcium supplementation |
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What drugs act as HYPERcalcemic agents to LOWER blood calcium levels?
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Biphosphonates >> act directly on serum levels (not on parathyroid gland)
Calcitonin >> hormones secreted by thyroid to balance effects of PTH |
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