Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which herbal drug is used to boost the immune system and prevent/shorten colds?
|
echinacea
|
|
Which three components of echinacea have known immune-modulating properties?
|
alkamides
polysaccharides chicoric acid |
|
What immune cells are activated when taking echinacea? (1)
|
cytokines
(and immune cells) |
|
Does echinacea have anti-inflammatory effects?
|
Yes
|
|
What type of symptoms occur with IV echnicea?
|
flu-like symptoms
|
|
How long is the maximum to take echinacea?
|
8 weeks
|
|
Which herbal drug is used to lower cholesterol and reduce atherosclerosis?
|
garlic
|
|
What is the active ingredient in garlic?
|
allicin
|
|
What mechanism of garlic lowers cholesterol?
|
lowers HMG-CoA reductase (in vitro)
|
|
Which herbal drugs have antiplatelet effects? (3)
|
garlic
ginseng ginkgo |
|
Which herbal drug improves atherosclerotic plaques?
|
garlic
|
|
What are two side effects of garlic?
|
bad breath
contact dermatitis |
|
Which herbal drug is used for depression?
|
St. John's Wort
|
|
What is the active ingredient in St. John's Wort? (2)
|
hypericin, some hyperforin
|
|
What is the mechanism of action for St. John's Wort? (5)
|
(1) hypericin inhibits MAO-A/B (unachievable doses)
(2) hypericin binds opioid receptors (3) total extract binds GABA receptors (4) hyperforin inhibits serotonin, NE, dopamine reuptake (5) chronic activity decreases beta receptor, increases serotonin receptors |
|
Which of the following levels of depression is St. John's Wort effective for?
(mild, moderate, severe) |
mild and moderate only
|
|
What drug class should not be taken with St. John's Wort and why? (2)
|
antidepressants or stimulants, the combination can cause serotonin syndrome
|
|
Which herbal drug is used to treat the urinary tract, reproductive organ health, and BPH?
|
saw palmetto
|
|
Which prescription has the same mechanism as saw palmetto?
|
finasteride
|
|
What enzyme does saw palmetto inhibit?
|
5alpha-reductase
(converts testosterone to DHT) |
|
Which has more sexual side effects - finasteride or saw palmetto?
|
finasteride
|
|
Which herbal drug is used to improve physical and mental performance and boost the immune system?
|
ginseng
|
|
Which disease states should not take ginseng?
|
not in immune-compromised patients
|
|
Which drug classes/types should not be given with ginseng? (4)
|
antipsychotics
estrogen diabetes medication anti-platelet meds (warfarin, aspirin) |
|
Which specie of ginseng is responsible for improving immune function and potentially lowering cancer risk?
(ginseng or quinquefolium) |
P. ginseng
|
|
Which specie of ginseng may lower glucose in patients?
(ginseng or quinquefolium) |
quinquefolium
|
|
Which herbal drug is used for cognitive function and dementia?
|
ginkgo
|
|
Gingko (increases/decreases) blood viscosity and (increases/decreases) blood flow
|
decreases viscosity and increases blood flow
|
|
What effect does ginkgo have on alpha2, beta, 5HT1a, and muscarinic receptors?
|
increases muscarinic, alpha2, 5HT1a receptors
decreases beta receptors |
|
Ginkgo (increases/decreases) ACh and NE in serum?
|
increases
|
|
Ginkgo (decreases/increases) serontonin reuptake
|
increases
|
|
True or False - Ginkgo is a good medicine for memory in the elderly
|
False - no memory benefit in the elderly
|
|
What serious effect can ginkgo seeds cause?
|
seizures - ginkgo seeds are epileptogenic
|
|
What is the main drug interaction seen with ginkgo?
|
not for patients on anti-platelets or anti-coagulants
|
|
Which herbal drug is used to improve liver function, reduce liver toxicity, as an anti-cancer agent, and to reduce cholesterol?
|
milk thistle
|
|
What is the active ingredient in milk thistle?
|
sillymarins
|
|
What are milk thistle's effects on the liver? (2)
|
reduce hepatic injury following exposure to toxins
reduce collagen accumulation and TGF-B |
|
Which of the following are properties of milk thistle?
a) anti-emetic b) anti-inflammatory c) anti-hypertensive d) reduces blood glucose e) anti-hyperlipidemic f) anti-seizure g) anti-anxiety |
anti-inflammatory
anti-hyperlipidemic |
|
Milk thistle shows promise in clinical trials for what disease?
|
chronic viral hepatitis
|
|
What is the endogenous prohormone secreted by the adrenal cortex and CNS?
|
dihydroepiandrostone (DHEA)
|
|
Which hormone is produced in the pineal gland?
|
melatonin
|
|
When is melatonin released?
|
bedtime to early morning hours
|
|
What are the indications for melatonin? (2)
|
jet lag
insomnia |
|
What hormones are affected in women when taking melatonin? (2)
|
leutinizing hormone (inhibit ovulation mid-cycle)
decrease prolactin release |
|
What effect is seen with melatonin when used in men for more than 6 months?
|
decreased sperm quality
|