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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the positive-symptoms of psychotics?
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hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder
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what are the negative sysmptoms of a psychotics?
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social withdrawal, emotional flattening, anhedonia
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what are the causes of schizophrenia
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genetic factors
environmental factors neurodegeneration, apoptosis and oxidative stress |
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what are the main neurotransmitters involved in pathogenesis of schizophrenia
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dopamine
glutamate serotonin |
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which types of illegal drugs can cause psychotic symptoms
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amphetamine- dopaminergic
LSD ketamine |
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how do typical and atypical antipsychotics work?
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block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways
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what therapeutic effects do antipsychotics have
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antipsychotic, sedative, anxiolytic, antiemetic
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what are the adverse effects of antipsychotics
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extrapyramidal effects-muscle stiffness, muscle cramping, tremors,
dry mouth and weight gain |
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name 2 typical antipsychotics
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chlorpromazine
haloperidol |
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name 2 atypical antipsychotics
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clozapine
risperidone |
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all antipsychotics antagonise which receptors
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D2 receptors- DOPAMINE
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blockage of which pathway results in antipsychotic effects
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mesolimbic/mesocortical
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describe the mesolimbic pathway (where to where)
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ventral tegmental area of midbrain to the limbic system AND prefrontal cortex, via ncl accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus.
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blockage of which pathway results in the extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotics
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nigrostriatal pathway
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describe the extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotics
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ACUTE: parkinsonism (rigid), bradykinesia, tremor, akathisia, acute dystonia- invol movements of tongue, neck muscles
CHRONIC: tardive dyskinesia- invol movements of face and limbs - opposite to parkinsonism, as these people have difficulty NOT MOVING, where as parkinsonims people have difficulty MOVING. |
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what pathways blockage results in endocrine effects of antipsychotics
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tuberoinfundibular
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describe the endocrine effects of antipsychotics
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hyperprolactinemia
gynaecomastia- swelling of breasts |
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what is a big risk associated with clozapine
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Risk of agranulocytosis!
Regular blood counts required |
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potency of antipsychotics is directly correlated to activity at which receptor
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D2
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activity at which receptor can reduce the side effect profile (extrapyramidal)
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Serotonin and muscarinic
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activity at which other receptors can lead to further side effects (antipsych)
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H1 and a (alpha receptors)
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what are the emotional symptoms of depression
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depressive mood, suicide, guilt
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what are the biological symptoms of depression
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sleep disturbance, fatigue
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what are the 3 mechanisms by which depression can be treated
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Monoamine theory
stimulation of neurogenesis trophic effects |
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describe the principles of monoamine theory
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inhibition of reuptake of monoamines- NA, 5-HT
inhibition of MAO- dec. breakdown depletion of monoamines in peripheral neurons (reserpine) |
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how do antidepressants effect neurogenesis
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antidepressants increase production of BDNF („Brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor“)
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how does stress effect neurons
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chronic stress, corticoids > neuronal loss
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name some reuptake inhibitors
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amytriptyllin- TCA ----serotoninc and norepinephrine
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name some SSRI
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fluoxetine, citalopram
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name a reversible inhibitor of MAO
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moclobemide
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what are the side effects of TCA
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antimuscarinic- dry mouth, blurred vision, arrhythmia
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side effects of ssri
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sexual disorder, weight gain, serotonin synd- tremor, aggitation, diarrhoea
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side effects of iMAO
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food (cheese reaction) When ingested orally, MAOIs inhibit the catabolism of dietary amines. When foods containing tyramine are consumed (so-called "cheese effect"), the individual may suffer from hypertensive crisis.
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what conditions are treated by mood stabilizers
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mania, bipolar, unipolar
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name 3 mood stabilizers
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lithium
valproate carbamazepine |
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what is the important thing about lithium
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narrow therapeutic window, dose must be adjusted according to plasma concentration
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