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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two subgroups of the Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors?
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B-Lactam Compounds
B-Lactamase Inhibitors (also includes "others") |
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What are the 4 drug classes of B-Lactam Compounds?
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Penicillins
Cephalosporins Monobactams Carbepenems |
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What are the 3 B-Lactamase Inhibitor drugs?
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Clavulanic Acid
Sulbactam Tazobactam |
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What are the 3 drugs listed in the "others" category of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors?
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Vancomycin
Daptomycin Cycloserine |
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How are the Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors selective in the body?
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Since cell walls are only present in Prokaryotes, this allows for drug selectivity.
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Which class of drug inhibits the transpeptidation reaction of bacterial wall synthesis by binding to the PBPs, and preventing cross-linking of the Peptidoglycan?
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Penicillins
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How are Penicillins excreted from the body?
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Kidneys
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Which organisms are targeted by Penicillins G and V?
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Gram (+) & (-) Cocci
Gram (+) Bacilli Spirochetes |
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Which specific Penicillins are resistant to Staphylococcal B-Lactamase?
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Methicillin
Nafcillin Oxacillin Dicloxacillin |
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Which Penicillins would be the drug of choice for Penicillin-resistant and Methicillin-susceptible strains of Staphylococci?
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Penicillins that are resistant to Staphylococcal B-Lactamase:
1. Methicillin 2. Nafcillin 3. Oxacillin 4. Dicloxacillin |
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What are the Extended-Spectrum Penicillins?
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Ampicillin
Amoxicillin Ticarcillin Piperacillin |
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Which Penicillins are similar to Penicillin G, but have more activity against Gram (+) Bacilli?
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Extended-Spectrum Penicillins:
Ampicillin Amoxicillin |
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Which Penicillin is used as prophylaxis for extensive oral surgery?
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Amoxicillin
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Ampicillin and Amoxacillin are widely used for which type of infections?
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Respiratory Infections
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Which Penicillins have more activity against Gram (-) Bacilli?
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Extended-Spectrum Penicillins:
Ticarcillin Piperacillin |
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When Ticarcillin or Piperacillin is used in combination with Aminoglycosides or with Fluoroquinolones, what type of infections will they treat?
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Pseudomonal infections outside the urinary tract
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What is the main difference between Penicillins and Cephalosporins?
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Cephalosporins have increased resistance to B-lactamases, giving it a broader spectrum of activity (especially with Gram (-) organisms)
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How are the Cephalosporin generations divided?
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Based on their antimicrobial activity
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List the drugs in all 4 Generations of Cephalosporins
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1st: Cephazolin
2nd: Cephamandole & Cefotetan 3rd: Ceftriaxone 4th: Cefepime |
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Which generation of Cephalosporins are a Penicillin G substitute?
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1st: Cephazolin
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Gram (-) Cocci, E.coli, and Klebsiella are all treated by which drug
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Cephazolin
(1st generation Cephalosporin) |
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Which two Cephalosporin Generations are known for their extended Gram (-) activity?
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2nd and 3rd
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What is the difference between the two 2nd generation Cephalosporin drugs?
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Cephamandole: H. influenza, Sinusitis, Otitis, Lower respiratory infections.
Cefotetan: Anaerobic Organisms, Perotonitis, Diverticulitis. |
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What is the drug of choice for Meningitis?
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Ceftriaxone
(3rd generation Cephalosporin) |
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What is the drug named that is more resistant to B-Lactamases than Cephamandole and Cefotetan, but has similar organism coverage?
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Cefepime
(4th generation Cephalosporin) |
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Which class of drugs has no use for treatment of Gram (+) organisms or anaerobes?
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Monobactams
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Aztreonam is the drug found in which class of B-Lactam Compounds?
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Monobactams
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If a patient cannot tolerate Penicillin or Cephalosporins, what is the next drug that is considered?
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Aztreonam (Monobactam)
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Which drug is prescribed together with Cilastatin, which inhibits Renal Dehydropeptidase?
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Imipenem - Carbepenem class
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What is unique about the B-Lactamase Inhibitors?
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They have no antibacterial activity by themselves, so they must be formulated with B-Lactamase susceptible Antibiotics.
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What is the MOA of B-Lactamase Inhibitors?
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Inhibits many bacterial B-Lactamases, protecting degradation of susceptible antibiotics.
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Which drug bind to the end of the nascent peptidoglycan?
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Vancomycin
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which drug has therapeutic use for Gram (+) activity, particularly Staphylococci, treating serious infections: Sepsis, Endocarditis, and Meningitis
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Vancomycin
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Which drug has the AE "Red Man Syndrome"
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Vancomycin
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Which drug can cause irritation at the site of injection?
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Vancomycin
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Which drug is an effective alternative to Vancomycin?
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Daptomycin
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What is Daptomycin a contraindication for?
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Nitric Oxide treatment for Pneumonia (reacts with the pulmonary surfactant)
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Which drug's MOA entails inhibition of the incorporation of D-Alanine into the peptidoglycan?
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Cycloserine
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Which drug is a second line therapy for Tuberculosis?
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Cycloserine
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What are the two subgroups of DNA Synthesis Inhibitors?
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Antifolate Drugs
DNA Gyrase Inhibitors |
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What are the two main classes of the antifolate drugs?
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Sulfonamides
Pyrimidines |
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Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, and Sulfasalazine are all drugs under which class?
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Sulfonamides (Antifolate drugs)
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How do Sulfonamides work?
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They are structurally similar to PABA so they inhibit DNA synthesis
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Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine together is the drug of choice for which infection?
Which other infection does it treat? |
Drug of choice for: Toxoplasmosis
Also treats: Leishmaniasis |
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Which class of drugs have activity against some Protozoa?
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Sulfonamides
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How to Sulfonamides become Bacteriocidal?
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They must be combined with DHFR Inhibitors
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Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim treats?
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UTIs
Pneumonia Respiratory infections Systemic Salmonella |
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Sulfasalazine treats which condition?
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Ulcerative Colitis
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List all the drugs involved in the treatment of UTIs
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Sulfamethoxazole alone
Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim Trimethoprim (Acute UTIs) Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin |
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List the Pyrimidine drugs
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Trimethoprim
Pyrimethamine |
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How to Pyrimidines work?
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DHFR Inhibitors
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How is resistance different between the two Antifolate classes?
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Sulfonamides:
PABA Overproduction = competition. Changes in target structure. Pyrimidines: Decreased permeability. DHFR overproduction/change. |
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Megaloblastic Anemia, Leukopenia, and Granulocytopenia are all adverse effects of which drug class?
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Pyrimidines
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DNA Gyrase inhibitors include the _____________ group
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Fluoroquinolone
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What are the two Fluoroquinolone drugs?
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Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin |
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How do Fluoroquinolones work?
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They inhibit bacterial topoisomerase II (DNA Gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, which then inhibits DNA Synthesis
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Cartilage damage and arthropathy are adverse effects found in which drugs?
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Fluoroquinolones
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What kind of bacteria are killed by Fluoroquinolones?
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Gram (-) Aerobic Bacteria
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UTI, Bacterial Diarrhea, and drug-resistant respiratory infections are treated with which drugs?
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Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin |
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What is the drug of choice for prophylactic treatment of Anthrax?
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Ciprofloxacin
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What are the 6 classes of drugs under the Protein synthesis inhibitors?
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Tetracyclines
Macrolides & Ketolides Clindamycin Streptogramins Oxazolidinones Aminoglycosides |
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Where do Tetracyclins bind?
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30S Subunit on the bacterial Ribosome
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What is the drug of choice for Rikettsia infections?
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Tetracyclines
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Which drug treats H.pylori associated ulcers?
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Tetracycline
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Which drug has the adverse effect of Calcium deposition in the bones and teeth?
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Tetracycline
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List the classes of protein synthesis inhibitors which bind to the 50s subunit?
What is their other commonality? |
Macrolides and Ketolides
Clindamycin Streptogramin Oxazolidinones Commonality: Gram (+) Bacteria only |
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What is the drug of choice for Corynebacterial infections?
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Macrolides and Ketolides
(Telithromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin) |
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Which class of drugs are used in the prophylaxis of Endocarditis in patients with vulvular heart disease undergoing extensive dental procedures and allergic to penicillin?
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Clindamycin
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Staphylococcal infections and Vancomycin-resistant strains of E.faecium are treated using which class of drug?
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Streptogramins (Quinupristin-Dalfopristin)
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Which two classes of drugs are used for treatment of Vancomycin-resistant strains of E.faecium?
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Streptogramins
Oxazolidinones |
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Nosocomial Pneumonia and community-acquired Pneumonia are treated using which drug?
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Linezolid (Oxazolidinones)
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What is the DDI for Macrolides?
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Inhibit P450 so blood concentrations increase for many other drugs
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Which protein synthesis inhibitor passively crosses the outer membrane, but actively transports through the cell membrane?
How is the active transport enhanced? |
Aminoglycosides
Enhanced by Penicillins and Vancomycin |
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Which protein synthesis inhibitor class treats Gram (-) bacterial infections only?
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Aminoglycosides (Neomycin, Kanamycin, Gentomycin, Streptomycin)
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Which protein synthesis inhibitor is contraindicated in pregnancy and children under 8 years old?
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Tetracyclines
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