Pharmacology Exam 2 - Lecture 7 - Anticoagulants & Anti-Anemia Drugs

Front 1

the process of forming clots in the walls of damaged blood vessels to prevent blood loss while maintaining blood in a fluid state within a vessel

Back 1

hemostasis

Front 2

inappropriate clot formation

Back 2

thrombosis

Front 3

a blood clot

Back 3

thrombus

Front 4

4 ways hemostasis happens

Back 4

1. local vasoconstriction
2. formation of a platelet plug
3. blood clot due to coagulation
4. fibrinolysis

Front 5

true or false:
a group of platelets aggregate to form a clot that prevents blood loss from the vessel

Back 5

true

Front 6

prothrombin -> thrombin = creates cross linked fibrin &...

Back 6

plasminogen -> plasmin = breaks down fibrin

Front 7

a dislodged thrombus or bits of thrombus

Back 7

emboli

Front 8

emboli can lead to _____ or ______

Back 8

1. ischemia
2. infarction

Front 9

reduction in blood supply or flow

Back 9

ischemia

Front 10

loss of blood flow leading to localized tissue death

Back 10

infarction

Front 11

There is an increased incidence of thrombosis with...

Back 11

1. endothelial injury
2. abnormal blood flow - stasis
3. hypercoaguability

Front 12

What are the three types of pharmacological interventions to treat thrombosis?

Back 12

1. antiplatelets
2. anticoagulants
3. thrombolytics

Front 13

____________ - prevent platelet activation and thus prevent clot formation
(work at the platelet level)

Back 13

antiplatelets

Front 14

___________ - inhibit clotting cascade to ultimately prevent fibrin clot formation
(prevent the fibrin from "meshing")

Back 14

anticoagulants

Front 15

__________ - dissove an existing clot by digesting fibrin
(the only one that can dissolve an existing clot)

Back 15

thrombolytics

Front 16

Indications for anti-platlet drugs...

Back 16

1.prevent or treat cardiovascular disease
2.maintain patent arteries, vascular grafts, shunts
3.adjuncts to thrombolytic therapy for MI patients
4.cerebrovascular disease/stroke
5.peripheral vascular disease

Front 17

What are the 4 groups of antiplatlet drugs?

Back 17

1. aspirin
2. dipyridamole
3. clopidogrel/ticlopidine
4. abciximab/eptifibatide

Front 18

What is the antiplatlet drug of choice?

Back 18

aspirin

Front 19

Important things about aspirin...

Back 19

-inhibits thromboxane (which prevents platelets from sticking together
- low dose = prevents action of platelets
-high dose = prevents action of platelets and prevents them from coming together(aggregation)

Front 20

Important things about dipyridamole...

Back 20

-blocks platelet aggregation and blocks thromboxane production
-short duration of action

Front 21

Important things about clopidogrel/ticlopidine...

Back 21

- decreases ADP induced platlet aggregation
-long onset of action (does not work immediately)
-clopidogrel is less toxic than ticlopidine

Front 22

Side effects of Clopidogrel/ticlopidine...

Back 22

-prolonged bleeding
-neutropenia (loss of neutrophils)

Front 23

Side effects of aspirin...

Back 23

-increased incidence of hemorrhagic stroke
-GI bleeding

Front 24

Important things about Abciximab/Eptifibatide...

Back 24

-onset of action 30 mins (peak 2 hrs)
-works differently than the others (out instead of in)
-never given alone
-can't stick to the outside of platelet

Front 25

Side effects for Abciximab/Eptifibatide...

Back 25

-hemorrhage
-concurrent use of warfarin is contraindicated

Front 26

Two types of anticoagulants &
example of each

Back 26

1. oral - warfarin
2. parental - heparin

Front 27

Important things about anticoagulants...

Back 27

-prevent crosslinking of fibrin & becoming insoluable
-indicated for pts with or at risk of having thromboembolic disorders (PE, MI, DVT, stroke, & atrial fib)

Front 28

Antagonist for heparin

Back 28

protamine sulfate

Front 29

side effects for heparin

Back 29

-hemorrhage
-thrombocytopenia (loss of platelets)

Front 30

Important things about warfarin...

Back 30

-most widely used oral anticoagulant
-phytonadione (vit k1) is used to reverse bleeding associated with warfarin

Front 31

Important things about thrombolytics...

Back 31

-only effective if used rapidly after onset of clot (less than a few hrs)
-breaks an existing clot apart

Front 32

two types of thrombolytics (with examples)

Back 32

1. combine with plasminogen to make an active complex to convert to plasmin (streptokinase)
2. actually converts plasminogen to plasmin (tPA, reteplase, tenecteplase)

Front 33

most dangerous side effect of thrombolytics

Back 33

hemorrhage, especially intracranial hemorrhage

Front 34

streptokinase

Back 34

doesn't just work at the clot
(works systemically) (others work only at the clot)

Front 35

Reteplase and tenecteplase

Back 35

are more convienient

Front 36

decrease in the number of red blood cells

Back 36

anemia

Front 37

how is anemia measured

Back 37

by hematocrit level
40-52% M
35-47% F

Front 38

plasma volume increases when

Back 38

pt is lying down and when pt quits smoking

Front 39

anemia can produce ____, ____, and ____ deficiencies

Back 39

vit b12, folate, iron

Front 40

pharmacologically treat vitamin deficiency anemia by

Back 40

replacement therapy