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133 Cards in this Set
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acetaminophen |
Tylenol Tempra |
Other names |
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acetaminophen CLASS |
Non-opioid analgesic; Antipyretic |
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acetaminophen ACTIONS |
1. Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins that may serve as meditators of pain and fever; does not have significant anti inflammatory properties 2. Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS by blocking pain impulse generation 3. Acts on the hypothalamic heat regulating centre to produce peripheral vasodilation resulting in increased blood flow through the skin, sweating, and heat loss |
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acetaminophen INDICATIONS |
1. Treatment of mild pain 2. Reduction of fever |
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acetaminophen CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Hypersensitivity to alcohol, aspartame, saccharin, sugar, or FDC yellow dye #5 (food colouring) 2. Active liver disease/hepatic impairment |
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acetaminophen DOSAGE |
Adult: 975 mg PO- Do not repeat dose Paediatric: 15mg/kg PO to max of 975mg |
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acetaminophen SIDE EFFECTS |
Renal failure with high doses/chronic use |
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acetaminophen PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset of Action: 15-30 mins Duration: 4-6 hours |
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acetaminophen CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Don’t administer if patient has taken max dose within 4 hours 2. If patient has received less than max dose within 4 hours only administer to max dose 3. Document temperature before administration |
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acetaminophen TOXIC LEVELS |
Adult >150mg/kg or dose of 7.5g Paediatric >150 mg/kg |
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acetylsalicylic acid |
ASA Aspirin Bufferin |
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acetylsalicylic acid CLASS |
Antiplatelet Analgesic Antipyretic Anti-inflammatory Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID) |
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acetylsalicylic acid ACTIONS |
1. Blocks formation of thromboxane A2, which is responsible for platelet aggregating and arteries constricting 2. Produces analgesia and has anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins |
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acetylsalicylic acid INDICATIONS |
Anti-platelet therapy in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) |
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acetylsalicylic acid CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Hypersensitivity to salicylates/ NSAIDS 2. Unconscious/ unable to follow commands 3. Patients with active ulcer disease (GI hemorrhage) 4. Bleeding disorders 5. Pregnancy (3rd trimester) 6. Children under 15 7. ASA induced asthma |
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acetylsalicylic acid DOSAGE |
Adult: 160mg (162mg) PO chewed. That is the Max Paediatric: N/A |
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acetylsalicylic acid SIDE EFFECTS |
1. GI irritation 2. Nausea/ Vomiting 3. Tinnitus 4. Increased risk of bleeding |
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acetylsalicylic acid PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset: 1-2hours Duration: 4-5 hours |
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acetylsalicylic acid CONSIDERATIONS |
1. If confirmed patient took ASA properly prior 2. ASA still administered with daily dose or on blood thinners 3. Patients receiving anticoagulant therapy 4. Diabetics taking ASA and oral hypoglycaemic or insulin should be closely monitored for hypoglycaemia 5. Reye’s Syndrome is an acute, often fatal disease of childhood, characterized as acute edema of the brain, hypoglycaemia, fatty infiltration, and liver dysfunction |
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dextrose in water |
D10W D25W D50W |
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dextrose in water CLASS |
Caloric agent |
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dextrose in water ACTIONS |
1. Increase blood sugar levels to normal cases in hypoglycemia 2. Hypertonic solutions producing a transient movement of water from interstitial spaces into the venous system (osmotic diuretic) |
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dextrose in water INDICATIONS |
1. Severe, symptomatic hypoglycaemia from any cause 2. Head injury with symptomatic hypoglycemia (1/2 dose) 3. Stroke with symptomatic hypoglycemia (1/2 dose) |
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dextrose in water CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Allergy to corn/corn products 2. Hyperglycemia 3. Hypersensitivity to dextrose solution 4. Relative contraindication- intracranial hemorrhage (1/2 the dose) |
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dextrose in water DOSAGES |
Adult: 25g D50W SIVP/IO q5min prn Titrate to BGL >/=4.0mmol/L or patient improvement to max 50g Adult Sus Stroke: 12.5g D50W SIVP/IO q5min prn Titrate to BGL >/=3.0mmol/L or patient improvement to max 50g Adult Sus Head Ouch: 12.5g D50W SIVP/IO q5min prn Titrate to BGL >/=4.0mmol/L or patient improvement to max 50g Pediatric: (Less than 10kg) 0.5g/kg D10W SIVP/IO q5min prn Titrate to BGL >=4.0mmol/L or patient improvement (More than 10kg less thank 40kg) 0.5g/kg D25W SIVP/IO to a single max dose of 12.5g q5min Titrate to BGL >=4.0mmol/L or patient improvement (More than/equal to 40kg) 12.5g D50W SIVP/IO q5min prn, single max dose Titrate to BGL >=4.0mmol/L or patient improvement |
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dextrose in water SIDE EFFECTS |
1. Rebound hyperglycemia 2. May aggravate hypertension and CHF 3. May cause neurological symptoms in alcoholic patient 4. Wernicke’s encephalopathy/Korsakoff’s syndrome |
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dextrose in water PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset: <1 minute Duration: Varies |
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dextrose in water CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Tissue death if infiltration occurs 2. Utilize large bore catheter in a large vein 3. D50W has short duration of action- follow admin with eating carbohydrates 4. Serve neurological symptoms in alcoholics- give thiamine prior to D50W (ACP) 5. Increased intercellular glucose levels in the setting of cerebral ischemia and hypoxia- increased intercellular acidosis due to anaerobic metabolism of glucose & subsequent neuronal death |
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dimenhyDRINATE |
Gravel |
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dimenhyDRINATE |
Gravol |
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dimenhyDRINATE CLASS |
Antiemetic |
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dimenhyDRINATE ACTIONS |
1. Depress vestibular (equilibrium) function by inhibiting histamine H1 receptors 2. Sedative effects due to inhibition of histamine |
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dimenhyDRINATE INDICATIONS |
Nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness and vertigo |
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dimenhyDRINATE CONTRAINDICATION |
1. Hypersensitivity to dimenhyDRINATE and diphenhydramine or propylene glycol (food additive) 2. Narrow angle glaucoma 3. Patient who have ingested large quantities of depressants including alcohol |
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dimenhyDRINATE DOSAGES |
Adult: 50mg SIVP/IM q4 hours 25mg SIVP/IM for patients over 65 years old prn q15mins. MAX 50mg Pediatric: N/A |
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dimenhyDRINATE SIDE EFFECTS |
1. Drowsiness 2. Sedative effect |
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dimenhyDRINATE PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset: IV immediate; IM 20-30 min Duration of Action: 3-6 hours |
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dimenhyDRINATE CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Generally administered in 10mL syringe with NS for IV administration; lessens vein irritation 2. Preferred antiemetic for nausea & vomiting associated with vertigo, motion sickness or narcotic side effect |
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diphenhydrAMINE |
Benadryl |
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diphenhydrAMINE CLASS |
Antihistamine |
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diphenhydrAMINE ACTIONS |
1. Competes with histamine for H1 receptor sites of effector cells. - prevent but do not reverse responses mediated by histamine alone 2. Does not inhibit histamine release H1: increased bronchial & nasal secretions Constriction of bronchioles Stimulation of sensory nerve endings (itching) |
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diphenhydrAMINE INDICATIONS |
1. Allergic reactions 2. Adjunct to epinephrine in anaphylaxis management 3. Management of drug induced extrapyramidal symptoms |
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diphenhydrAMINE CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Hypersensitivity to diphenhydramine or dimenhyDRINATE 2. Relative: avoid antihistamine in musing mothers/neonates unless life threatening anaphylaxis |
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diphenhydrAMINE DOSAGES |
Adult: (ELIXIR) 50mg PO- Do not repeat dose 1mg/kg IM/SIVP/IO, single max dose 50mg - Do not repeat dose (IM Vastus Lasteralis) Pediatric: (ELIXIR) 1mg/kg PO, single max dose of 50mg -Do not repeat dose 1mg/kg SIVP/IM/IO, single max dose 50mg- Do not repeat dose (IM Vastus Lateralis) |
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diphenhydrAMINE SIDE EFFECTS |
1.Dry mouth 2. Blurred vision 3. Hypotension 4. Thickening of bronchial secretions 5. Bronchospasm |
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diphenhydrAMINE PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset: PO 15min // IV&IM 5-10 min Peak Effects: 1-4 hours |
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diphenhydrAMINE CONSIDERATIONS |
Diphenhydramine not recommended in neonates due to increased susceptibility to anticholinergic effects however should be administered judiciously in setting of anaphylaxis |
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epinephrine 1mg/mL (1:1000 concentration) |
Adrenalin |
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epinephrine CLASS |
Sympathomimetic Endogenous catecholamine |
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epinephrine ACTIONS |
1. Inhibits the release of histamine associated with allergic & anaphylactic reactions 2. Alpha 1 agonist: Peripheral vasoconstriction improving coronary and cerebral perfusion 3. Beta 1 agonist: Positive chronotropic, inoptropic, and from Otto pic properties -increases automaticity in the heart 4. Beta 2 agonist: Bronchodilation- adrenergic receptors in the lungs to relax both bronchial smooth muscle |
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epinephrine INDICATIONS |
Anaphylaxis |
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epinephrine CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. None in emergent situation 2. Hypersensitivity to epinephrine |
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epinephrine DOSAGES |
Adult: 0.3mg (1mg/mL) IM q5min prn, max 0.9mg (Vastus Lateralis) Pediatric: (Less than 30kg) 0.15mg IM q5min, MAX 0.45mg (Vastus Lateralis) (More than/ equal to 30kg) 0.3mg IM q5min, MAX 0.9mg (Vastus Lateralis) |
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epinephrine SIDE EFFECTS |
1. Palpations 2. Tremors 3. Nervousness 4. Dizziness 5. Anxiety 6. Headache 7. Hypertension 8. Tachycardia |
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epinephrine PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset of Action: 5-10 min (IM) Peak Effects: 20 min |
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epinephrine CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Must be cardiac monitored 2. Do not administer by IV 3. In pregnancy can cause fetal hypoxia 4. Ensure in recumbent position prior to administration 5. Concentration of 1mg/mL previously known as 1:1000 |
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glucagon CLASS |
Hormone |
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glucagon ACTIONS |
Causes an increase in blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver, converting glycogen to glucose |
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glucagon CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Hypersensitivity to glucagon, beef, or pork proteins 2. Pheochromocytoma 3. Hyperglycemic |
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glucagon DOSAGES |
Hypoglycemia Adult: 1mg IM q15min prn, MAX 2mg Pediatric: (less than 20kg) 0.5mg IM q15min prn, MAX 1mg (More than/equal to 20kg) 1mg IM q15min prn, total max |
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glucagon SIDE EFFECTS |
1. Dizziness 2. Headache 3. Hypertension 4. Tachycardia 5. Rebound hyperglycemia |
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glucagon PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset of Action: 5-15 min (IM) |
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glucagon CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Use in patients with pheochromocytoma can cause the tumour to release catecholamines resulting in a hypertensive crisis 2. D50W is the drug of choice in hypoglycemia 3. Effective only if there are sufficient stores of glycogen within the liver 4. Eat carbohydrate after administration of meds to prevent relapse after hypoglycemia is corrected |
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ibuprofen |
Motrin Advil |
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ibuprofen CLASS |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) Non-Opioid analgesic |
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ibuprofen ACTIONS |
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, decreasing pain and inflammatory through non-selective, reversible inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzyme COX-1 and COX-2 |
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ibuprofen INDICATIONS |
1. Treatment of mild pain associated with arthritis or pain in muscle, joints, or bones 2. Reduction of fever for adults/children over 6 months old 3. Dysmenorrhea or headaches |
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ibuprofen CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Hypersensitivity to NSAID’s/salicylates 2. Suspected intracranial bleeding 3. Sub-arachnoid hermitage (indicated by sudden onset/most severe ever headache) 4. Ibuprofen induced asthma (relative contraindications-which means that patient has had a bronchospasm reaction prior with the use) 5. History if significant renal disease, except rental colic 6. Diagnosis of crohns/ulcerative colitis/ IBD 7. Patient currently taking oral anticoagulants (Apixaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban, Rivaroxaban, Warfarin) 8. Patient currently undergoing chemotherapy 9. Pregnancy |
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ibuprofen DOSAGES |
Adult: 400mg PO- Do not repeat dose Pediatric: 10mg/kg PO, Max 400mg |
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ibuprofen SIDE EFFECTS |
1. Mild hypertension 2. GI irritation 3. Nausea/vomiting 4. Constipation 5. Tinnitus 6. Increased risk of bleeding |
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ibuprofen PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset: 30 mins Duration of Action: 4-8 hours |
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ibuprofen CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Don’t administer if Max dose reached within 6 hours 2. If stormy received less than max does in 6 hours admin up to only max dose 3. Works well for pain associated with renal colic, dental or musculoskeletal 4. Use caution with patients who have past medical history of… Recent trauma or suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage Renal impairment GI bleed CHF Elderly Chronic alcoholics |
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ipratropium bromide |
Striven |
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ipratropium bromide |
Atrovent |
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ipratropium bromide CLASS |
Anticholinergic bronchodilator |
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ipratropium bromide ACTIONS |
1. Derivative of atropine 2. Exerts anticholinergic action in the bronchioles, inhibiting bronchoconstriction 3. Blocks increased mucus secretions |
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ipratropium bromide INDICATIONS |
1. Bronchospasms (used with salbutamol) 2. Anaphylaxis with salbutamol |
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ipratropium bromide CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Hypersensitivity 2. Hypersensitivity to atropine |
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ipratropium bromide DOSAGES |
Adult: MDI with spacer 1 puff (20mcg/puff) q30-60 sec prn, MAX 15 puffs 500 mcg q5min via NEB, MAX 1500mcg Pediatric: (Less than 20kg) 1 puff (20mcg/puff) MDI with spacer q30-60 sec, MAX 12 puffs 250mcg via neb prn, MAX 750mcg (More than/equal to 20kg) 1 puff (20mcg/puff) MDI with spacer q30-60 sec, MAX 15 puffs 500mcg via neb prn, MAX 1500 mcg |
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ipratropium bromide SIDE EFFECTS |
1. Dry mouth/throat 2. Headache 3. Cough 4. Palpitations 5. Tremors 6. Dizziness |
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ipratropium bromide PHARMOKINETICS |
Onset of Action: 5-15 mins Peak: 1-2 hours |
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ipratropium bromide CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Invert canister 3x prior to administration 2. Depressed cannister once in prime prior to administration directed to the floor 3. Direct patient to inhale slowly while administering and hold their breath for 5-10 sec. Repeat 1-2x 4. MDI needs min 30 seconds recharge time between puffs 5. Alternate single puffs for salbutamol during recharge periods 6. Nebulizer administration-usually combined with salbutamol to create combivent 7. nebulizer administration- use non-humidified O2 source @ 6-8L/min 8. Enhanced by other anticholinergic drugs |
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isotonic solutions |
Normal saline 0.9% Ringers lactate -Contains potassium Not used for fluid resuscitation—> D5W (starts as an isotonic, then becomes hypotonic) |
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isotonic solutions ACTIONS |
1. Have similar osmolar concentrations as plasma 2. Osmotic pressure is equal between intracellular and extracellular spaces. Resulting in less shifting of fluids between compartments. 3. For expansion of extracellular fluid volume, without altering the electrolyte concentration of the plasma |
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isotonic solutions INDICATIONS |
1. Used to run TKVO in patients with stable vitals but where hypotension and instability can occur 2. Fluid replacement |
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isotonic solutions CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Careful administration is necessary or results in circulatory overload 2. Lung sounds and BP must be elevated every 250mL in medical patients 3. Lung sounds and BP must be elevated every 500 mL in trauma patients 4. Lab values needed to use RL with caution in patients with hyperkalemia -this solution contains potassium |
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naloxone |
Marian |
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naloxone |
Narcan |
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naloxone CLASS |
Narcotic Antagonist |
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naloxone ACTIONS |
1. Displaces previously administered opioid analgesics from all three opioid receptor sites and competitively inhibits their actions 2. Naloxone is metabolized more quickly than most narcotics |
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naloxone INDICATIONS |
1. Respiratory and neurologic depression, induced by opioid intoxication unresponsive to oxygen and hyperventilation 2. Decreased LOC, or coma of unknown etiology believed to be induced by narcotics |
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naloxone CONTRAINDICATIONS |
None significant Use with caution in the setting of mixed opioid/stimulant |
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naloxone DOSAGES |
Adult: 0.05mg IV/IO q2min, MAX 1mg 0.8mg IM q5min prn, MAX 3.2mg 2mg IN (1mg/nostril) q3-5min prn, MAX 4mg |
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naloxone DOSAGES |
Adult: 0.05mg IV/IO q2min, MAX 1mg 0.8mg IM q5min prn, MAX 3.2mg 2mg IN (1mg/nostril) q3-5min prn, MAX 4mg Pediatric: 0.1mg/kg IV/IO, single max of 2mg q2min to MAX of 10mg 0.1mg/kg IM, single max dose 2mg in divided doses (1/2 required dose in each of 2 sites) q2min MAX 10mg 0.1mg/kg IN, single max dose 2mg (divide evenly into each nostril) q5min prn, MAX 4mg |
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naloxone SIDE EFFECTS |
1. Narcotic withdrawal 2. Restlessness 3. Combative 4. Seizures |
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naloxone PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset: within 2 mins (IV/IO) Duration of Action: Dependent on route, dose, amount in patient already |
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naloxone CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Draw up 1mg in 10mL syringe. Concentration 0.1mg/mL —> give 1/2mL (0.5mL) q2min IV/IO which is a dose of 0.05 mg 2. Be prepared for combative, aggressive, or seizing patient. 3. May induce acute withdrawal symptoms in narcotic dependent parties 4. Duration of Narcan is shorter in narcotic dependent patients 5. Auscultate lungs every 250 mL of normal saline to ensure no fluid overload 6. Consider opioid triad |
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nitroglycerin |
Nitrostat Nitro-Bid Nitro-Dur |
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nitroglycerin CLASS |
Antianginal Vasodilator |
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nitroglycerin ACTIONS |
1. Causes relaxation of vascular, smooth muscle; dilation of both arterial and venous blood vessels, decreasing both preload and after load 2. Myocardial perfusion is increased through coronary & collateral blood vessel dilation |
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nitroglycerin INDICATIONS |
Suspected ACS |
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nitroglycerin CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Systolic BP less than 100mmHg 2. Right ventricular infarction- 12 lead message 3. Patients taking phosphodiesterase inhibitors-mandatory OLMC |
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nitroglycerin DOSAGES |
Adult: 0.4mg SL spray q5min prn or until systolic BP less than 100mmHg 0.8mg/hr patch 0.3mg SL tablet q5min prn or until systolic BP less than 100mmHg Pediatric: N/A |
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nitroglycerin SIDE EFFECTS |
1. Headache 2. Hypotension 3. Dizziness/Lightheadedness 4. Nausea/Vomiting |
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nitroglycerin PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset: 1-3 min (SL), Patch 40-60min Duration of Action: SL:3-60min, Patch:8-24hours |
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nitroglycerin CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Right ventricular MI 2. Effects of nitroglycerine can be potentiated, but other vasodilators and are severely potentiated when patient have taken phosphodiesterase inhibitors in previous 24-48 hours - Call OLMC 3. Put an IV in place 4. Apply patch on left upper chest & write date & time 5. Remove patients own patch 6. If chest pain is with Brady or tachydysrhythmia contact OLMC 7. BP drops below 100mmHg maybe stop 😾 |
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nitrous oxide |
Entonox Nitronox |
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nitrous oxide CLASS |
Gaseous Analgesic |
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nitrous oxide ACTIONS |
1. Rapidly reversible CNS depression and analgesia 2. Inhaled anaesthetics act on the lipid matrix of neuronal membranes. Changes the membrane thickness, which , in turn, affects the gating properties of ion channels in neurons |
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nitrous oxide INDICATIONS |
1. Fracture/dislocation management 2. Active labor 3. Burns 4. Kidney stones |
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nitrous oxide CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Inability to follow verbal instructions 2. ALOC, and/or intoxication with drugs or alcohol 3. Head injury 🤕 4. Respiratory compromise were 100% 02 is needed 5. Thoracic trauma with potential or actual pneumothorax 6. Abdominal pain and distension suspicious of bowel obstruction 7. Abdominal trauma 8. Pregnant (not including active labour) |
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nitrous oxide DOSAGES |
Self administered prn via specialized demand valve and mask run at 15 lpm Note PSI before use & after for amount taken by patient |
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nitrous oxide SIDE EFFECTS |
1. Dizziness/lightheaded 2. Drowsiness 3. Headache 4. Nausea/Vomiting |
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nitrous oxide PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset: within 1 minute Duration of action: elimination half like is approx. 5 mins Effect of gas is not noticeable after a few minutes |
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nitrous oxide CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Store and administer with cylinder horizontal 2. Can’t be used a patient deemed to require greater than 50% 02 3. Use in ventilated areas 4. Invert canister 3x prior to administration 5. Administer early in pain management as necessary, while initiating vascular access to provide pain, relief with narcotics 6. Gases me separate at -6° Celsius, resulting in improper device operation |
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oral glucose |
Insta-Glucose Dex 4 |
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oral glucose CLASS |
Caloric Agent |
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oral glucose ACTION |
A simple monosaccharide used to increase circulating blood glucose levels |
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oral glucose INDICATIONS |
Conscious patient with suspected🤨 hypoglycemia |
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oral glucose CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Unconscious 2. Hyperglycemic |
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oral glucose DOSAGES |
Adult: 25g PO q5min prn, MAX 50g Pediatric: 25g PO; do not repeat |
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oral glucose SIDE EFFECTS |
Nausea/Vomiting |
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oral glucose PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset: 5-15 min Duration of Action: Varies |
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oral glucose CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Ensure patient can follow commands and maintain own airway 2. Must be swallowed 3. Must eat carbohydrates after, to prevent relapse of hypoglycemia |
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salbutamol |
Ventolin |
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salbutamol CLASS |
Bronchodilator (Sympathomimetic) |
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salbutamol ACTIONS |
1. Selective beta2 stimulation 2. Bronchodilation, some peripheral vasodilation, slight tachycardia 3. Beta2 selectively lost with high doses |
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salbutamol INDICATIONS |
Bronchospasms due to asthma, COPD, anaphylaxis, or are associated with airway burn injury |
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salbutamol CONTRAINDICATIONS |
1. Hypersensitivity 2. Uncorrected tachydysrhythmias |
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salbutamol DOSAGES |
Adult: 1 puff MDI (100mcg/puff) with spacer q30-60 sec prn 5mg nebulozed continuously Pediatric: (Less than 20kg) 1 puff MDI with spacer q30-60 secs, MAX 15 puffs 2.5mg nebulized, MAX 7.5mg (More/equal to 20kg) 1 puff (100mcg/puff) MDI with spaces q30-60 secs, MAX 30 puffs 5mg nebulized repeat, MAX 15mg |
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salbutamol SIDE EFFECTS |
1. Tremors 2. Palpitations 3. Headache 4. Tachycardia 5. Dizziness 6. Nervousness |
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salbutamol PHARMACOKINETICS |
Onset: Less than 15 mins Duration of Action: 2-6 hours |
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salbutamol CONSIDERATIONS |
1. Invert canister 3x prior to administration 2. Depress canister once to prime prior to administration, directed to the floor 3. Inhale slowly well, administering and hold their breath for 5 to 10 seconds, repeat. Repeat 3x more ish 4. MDI needs 30 seconds minimum recharge time between puffs 5. Alternate single puffs with ipratropium bromide during recharge period 6. Nebulizer administration- usually combined with ipratropium bomidel to create combivent 7. Nebulizer administration- use non-humidified 02 source at 6 to 8 L in a minute 8. Often patient self medicate |
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