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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
dehydration
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loss of too much water from body
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diuretic
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a drug that increases the secretion of urine(water, electrolytes, and waste products) by the kidneys
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edema
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retention of excess fluid
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filtrate
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fluid removed from the blood through kidney function
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glaucoma
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an increase in introcular pressure
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introcular pressure
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pressure within the eye
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hyperkalemia
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high blood level of potassium
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hypokalemia
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low blood level of potassium
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nephron
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long tubular structure that is the functional part of the kidney
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orthostatic hypotension
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dizziness and light-headedness after standing in one place for a long time
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postural hypotension
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dizziness and light-headedness when rising suddenly from a sitting or lying position
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enzyme
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a complex produced by living cells that catalyzes chemical reactions in organic matter
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electrolyte
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an element or compound that when melted or dissolved in water or another solvent dissaciates into ions & able to conduct an electric current
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ion
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an atom or group of atoms that has acquired an electrical charge through the gain or loss of electron(s)
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filtrate
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the fluid removed from the body
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aqueous humor
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clear watery fluid circulating in the anterior chamber of the eye
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paresthesia
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numbness, tingling
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photosensitivity reactions
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exaggerated sunburn reaction when the skin is exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet light
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anorexia
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lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inablility to eat
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cystalluria
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crystals in the urine
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acidosis
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abormal increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the body
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anuria
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absence of urine
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ascites
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accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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glycosuria
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glucose in the urine
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ototoxicity
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damage to the hearing organs from a toxic subtance
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oliguria
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low urine production
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gynecomastia
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breast enlargement in male
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bradycardia
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heart rate is less than 60/min(slow)
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lethargy
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state or quality of dullness, prolonged sleepiness, drowiness
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describe the action of diruretics
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increase the secretion of urine by the kidneys
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name some diuretics
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carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
loop diuretics osmotic diurects potassium-sparing diurectics thiazides and related |
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what is carbonic anhydrase
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an enzyme that produces free hydrogen ions which are exchanged for sodium ions in the kidneys
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what is the action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
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stop the excretion of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate and water
-also decrease production of aqueous humor in the eye |
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what are the uses of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
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Treatment of edema caused by CHF
Treatment of edema caused by drugs -Used for some types of epilepsy Used in glaucoma |
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what are the Adverse Reactions of Carbonic
Anhydrase Inhibitors |
Adverse reactions are rare in the short term
Long-term use may result in: • Fever • Rash • Numbness • Tingling • Photosensitivity • Anorexia • Crystalluria • Acidosis |
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Contraindications and Precautions of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
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Contraindicated with electrolyte imbalance, severe kidney or liver disease, anuria, or chronic noncongestive angle-closure glaucoma
Used cautiously in patients with renal failure Used cautiously during pregnancy |
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Loop Diuretics
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work by making the kidneys pass out more fluid by interfering with the transport of salt and water across certain cells in a structure called the loop of Henle
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action of loop diuretics
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Increase the excretion of sodium and chloride by inhibiting reabsorption of these ions in the loop of Henle
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Adverse Reactions to Loop Diuretics
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Anorexia
Nausea and vomiting Dizziness Rash Postural hypotension Orthostatic hypotension Photosensitivity reactions Glycosuria Diabetics may note an increase in blood glucose levels Hypokalemia |
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Contraindications and Precautions
of Loop Diuretics |
Contraindicated with severe electrolyte imbalance, hepatic coma, anuria, and in infants
Used cautiously in patients with renal dysfunction and in pregnancy or lactation Used cautiously in children and in patients with liver disease, diabetes, lupus, or diarrhea |
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Osmotic diuretics
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Can be filtered by the glomerulus but not reabsorbed by the renal tubule
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Osmotic diuretics
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Do not alter electrolyte or acid/base balance
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Adverse Reactions to Osmotic Diuretics
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Urea and mannitol administered by IV
Glycerin and isosorbide administered orally IV administration may result in a rapid fluid and electrolyte imbalance, especially when these drugs are administered before surgery to a patient in a fasting state |
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Contraindications, Precautions, and Interactions of Osmotic Diuretics
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Contraindicated in electrolyte imbalance, severe dehydration,
anuria or intracranial bleeding Used cautiously with liver or kidney disease Used cautiously during pregnancy Additive hypotensive effect when given with another antihypertensive drug or nitrate |
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Adverse Reactions to Thiazides
and Related Diuretics |
Drug interactions and incompatibilities
• Body as a whole – Weakness • Alcohol causes dehydration, drowsiness, and dizziness • OTC cold/flu preparations • Diabetics may note change in blood sugar (increase) • Photosensitivity may occur |
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Contraindications and Precautions of Thiazides and Related Diuretics
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Contraindicated in patients with electrolyte imbalances, renal decompensation, hepatic coma, or anuria
May cause allergic reaction or bronchial asthma in patients sensitive to tartrazine Use cautiously during pregnancy and lactation Use cautiously in children, patients with lupus, diabetes, or kidney/liver disease |
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Interactions of Thiazides
and Related Diuretics |
Additive hypotensive effects when used with alcohol, other antihypertensive drugs, or nitrates
Use with allopurinol may increase hypersensitivity to allopurinol Effects of anesthetic may be increased Effects of anticoagulants may be decreased Increase incidence of gout May prolong antineoplastic-induced leukopenia |
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Patient Management Issues of Diurectics
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Frequent urination in the night needs to be expected and explained
Vital signs, including weight, need monitoring Renal function needs to be watched Areas of edema should be inspected to evaluate drug effectiveness Electrolyte levels are checked often (especially potassium) |
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Educating the Patient and Family
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Overdose – Acute loss of fluids and electrolytes
•No antidote •Hydration •Electrolyte replacement •Support respiration |