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61 Cards in this Set
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additive effects
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combination of 2 or more drugs w similar actions is equal to the sum of individual effects of the same drugs given alone. 1+1=2
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Adverse drug event
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undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a medication
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Adverse drug reaction
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unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose).
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Agonist
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a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body
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allergic reaction
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an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication
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Antagonist
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a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body (inhibitors )
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antagonistic effects
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the effect of the combination of 2 or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone; usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking/reducing) effect of one drug on another
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Bioavailability
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a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route
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biotransformation
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(metabolism). occurs mainly in the liver . produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active from a parent drug
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Blood-Brain barrier
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barrier system that restrics the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. it still allows for passage of essentials (oxygen)
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Chemical name
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the name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drugm
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Contraindication
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any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable.
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Cytochrome
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the general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions
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Dependence
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compulsive or chronic need for a drug
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dissolution
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solid drug disintegration in the GI Tract in which drugs become more soluble before being absorbed into circulation
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drug
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any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
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drug actions
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process involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells . aka mechanism of action
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drug classification
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method of grouping drugs; based on drug or therapeutic use
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drug effects
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physiologic reactions if the body to a drug. therapeutic or toxic. how the body is affected as a whole by the drug. (onset, peak, & duration )
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drug induced teratogenesis
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(pregnancy)development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the effects of drugs
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drug interactions
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alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by presence of one or more additional drugs; related to the enzymes required for metabolism of involved drugs
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duration of action
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the length of time the concentration if a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response
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Enzymes
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*break down*protein molecules that catalyze one of more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body's physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism
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First-pass effect
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initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through bloodstream
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Generic Name
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the name given to a drug by the U.S. adopted names counci. nonproprietary name. shorter, simpler, not protected by a trademark
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G6PD (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)
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hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs
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Half-life
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pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body. the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%
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Idiosyncratic reaction
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abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that I'd peculiar to an individual patient.
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Incompatibility
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characteristic that causes 2 parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient
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Intraarterial
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within an artery
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Intraarticular
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within a joint
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intrathecal
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within a sheath (spinal cord)
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Medication error
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any preventable adverse drug event
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Medication use process
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prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects
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Metabolite
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Chemical form of a drug that's the product of one or more metabolic reaction s involving the parent drug. Active have pharmacologic activity. Inactive do not
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Onset of action
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the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing
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Parent drug
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chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites
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peak effect
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time time required for a drug to retea changed its maximum therapeutic response in the body
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peak level
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maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.
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pharmaceutics
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the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design
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Pharmacodynamics
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the study of biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. it examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors
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Pharmacoeconomics
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the study of ececonomic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy
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Pharmacogenomics
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study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes.
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Pharmacognosy
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the study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources
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pharmacokinetics
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Represent the drug ABSORPTION into , DISTRIBUTION and METABOLITES within, and EXCRETION from the body. the study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body
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Pharmacology
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broadest term for the study or science of drugs
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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the treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs.
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Prodrug
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An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once inside the body
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Receptor
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A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances (drug molecules) and one or more corresponding cellular effects ( drug actions) occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction
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steady state
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the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed w each dose
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Substrates
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substances on which an enzyme acts
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Synergistic effects
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drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two orbmore drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
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therapeutic drug monitoring
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the process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient's drug exposure and to allow adjustments of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity
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therapeutic effect
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the desired or intended effect of a particular medication
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therapeutic index
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the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug
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Tolerance
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reduced response to a drug after prolonged use
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Toxic
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the quality of being poisonous
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Toxicity
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the condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities
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Toxicology
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the study of poisons, including toxic drug effects and applicable treatments
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Trade name
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the commercial name given to a drug product by it its manufacturer; also called a proprietary name
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Trough level
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lowest concentration of drug reached in body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
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